Random Thoughts from the Web

Why Do We Use Credit Instead of Money as Dollars?

2010-03-05T21:45:00.000-08:00

The barter society.

SOCIETY, in its most basic state, conducts trade by means of barter. As it develops, it still conducts trade on this basic principle. One person exchanges his commodity for another.

Whether it is gold and silver coin, private loans, or dollar bills, they all are merely instruments used to facilitate trade, or barter. The goal is to exchange one quantity of goods for another. These instruments allow exchanges to occur without requiring both sides to supply precisely the commodity the other party wants. This "coincidence of wants" is avoided when using instruments.

As a society develops, barter becomes inconvenient. Thus, the first instruments of trade, the precious metals (gold and silver) are used as a measure of value. They are portable, steady in price, and capable of subdivisions. The government can fix a stamp on them to certify their quantity and purity.

Using Money in Trade.

The precious metals, when uncoined (as bullion) are themselves commodities. However, when minted as money, they are used merely as a measure of value of other commodities. They may be converted back into commodities, at any time. This is one recommendation for their use in trade.

Since money (gold and silver) has so many advantages, why use credit (dollars, notes, bills) in trade rather than money?

More advanced trade.

While money (gold and silver) is portable, to carry it in quantities carries risk and inconvenience.

Suppose ten manufacturers in Detroit sell their products to ten stores in Cleveland. Further, suppose ten manufacturers in Cleveland sell their products to ten stores in Detroit. It would be unlilkely that the ten stores in Detroit would need to send money to Cleveland, once all transactions for a year are finished. Instead of trading money and incurring the expense of transport, security, and handling, it is better to just keep track of the transactions in a record, and settle at some point in the future.

The process of keeping track of the transactions during a year, would involve sending letters from place to place. They would acknowledge the receipt of goods and who is owed. So, the Detroit stores would have a record of their obligations to the Cleveland manufacturers. The manufacturers would receive letters from the stores saying the goods have been received and that they owe an amount.

These letters are called bills.

Now, suppose the Detroit stores have customers who owe them money in Cleveland. Rather than send money to Cleveland to pay the manufacturers, they would use their letters to instruct their customers to pay the manufacturers instead.

The manufacturers use these letters or bills and exchange them for money, from the customers. Thus, the letters become a "bill of exchange."

Bill of exchange.

A "bill of exchange" allows the debt of one person to be exchanged for the debt of another; and the debt, due in one place, for the debt in another.

Credit and debt are simply opposing sides of a lending exchange. With the advantages of credit in cost, convenience, and security, it is used in the form of dollars in our transactions today, rather than money.

Panic of 1907

2010-02-25T23:05:00.000-08:00

Although the headline referred to events in New York, Boston Post readers knew exactly what it meant. Effects of the financial crisis were certain to reach beyond Wall Street.

Financial panics and bank runs were all too common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were more severe than others, but most followed the same general pattern. The misfortunes of a prominent speculator would undermine public confidence in the financial system.

Panic-stricken investors would then scramble to cut their losses. And because it wasn't uncommon for speculators to double as bank officials, worried depositors would rush to withdraw their money from any bank associated with a troubled speculator. If a beleaguered bank couldn't meet its depositors' demands for cash, panic would quickly spread to other banks. (Remember! There was no federal deposit insurance until 1933. If a bank failed, depositors had little hope of ever seeing their money again.)

With far less government regulation of the financial system than there is today and with no government welfare "safety net," many Americans suffered sudden and dramatic reversals of fortune when a panic struck. Even in a relatively mild panic, fortunes evaporated and lives ended in ruin.

estimating value of type-in traffic

2007-05-14T18:33:00.000-07:00

In my experience, industry keyword phrases are married to keyword search and therefore are married - to some degree - with direct navigation. It's common sense at work: If a popular generic phrase within an industry is "blue velvet widgets" there will be a direct navigation activity as well as that specific phrase appearing in the SERPs.

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Exceptions need to be made for highly spammed subjects.

Whilst I'd love to know traffic levels before registering a domain I tend not to sweat that issue and instead I focus on the converted-lead value to an enduser of direct navigation traffic and on the prospect of market growth for a traffic-targeting domain.

In layman's terms, if FuzzyBlueWidgets.com only gets 3 type-ins a year BUT if the sale of a FBW results in a $10,000.00 commission AND IF one of those visitors were to consume/purchase/lease/hire/whatever a FBW what is the value of that domain and it's traffic?

You might get 10,000 visits to a popular joke or stupidity domain and that domain might make $1,000/year versus 3 visits and $10,000/year. Which is the better traffic domain?

Keep in mind that domain parking may not make you $10,000/year but that may not be your end game. At some point, some savvy new entrant to the wonders of WWW traffic, may awaken to the idea that the domain you hold may produce very targeted and profitable traffic. To THAT enduser what is a domain that yields $10,000/year likely worth?

You may have to wait awhile. You may have to employ interim measures to increase your yield - such as offering a lead-gen partnership. You may wish to increase traffic by building a microsite and then, in time, flipping the site to an enduser-consumer of that traffic.

Traffic volume is only one factor to consider.

How do you succeed with Google's Adsense program

2007-03-26T04:32:00.001-07:00

Let me give you an example.

Suppose an advertiser has a maximum bid of $5.00. It is for websites which convert clicks into leads or sales well (i.e. a relevant and targeted site). The advertiser is paying far more for a click from this site than say, a less relevant website. One which displays the advert because of a slight mention in the content. It doesn't convert well to leads or sales for the advertiser. Therfore, the site owner of this website is fortunate to get .10-.20 cents for the click. On the other hand, the relevant and targeted website owner may get as much as $1-$2.

The moral is to create individual pages which are highly relevant and targeted. This way, the most relevant adverts are shown. This provides the best conversions for the advertisers, thereby maximizing what your clicks are worth.

I say a lot more is in the publishers control over CPC's than some people think.

Suppose 'depression treatments' is covered in your website. Be sure the content talks about the BENEFITS of GETTING treatment. Mention how it's good to find websites with mailing lists and such to join. There's a high chance visitors click one of the ads to a website covering depression treatment. Plus, there's even more chance they sign-up to anything once they get there. Thus a lead is created, and your CPC's rise.

I'm starting to believe the premise a HIGH CTR is more likely a *bad* thing, in most cases. It is because users are just clicking before you've told them what to do. Or, they click thinking it's part of your content. The BEST way to MAXIMIZE earnings is to drive ONLY users who are on a mission planted in their head by YOU, to the Google Ads. If an advertiser is bids $5.00 per click, you want to have as much of that as possible by converting for them. You do not want to send them irrelevant clicks which only drive your CPC down.

increase in single-parent homes

2007-01-18T05:01:00.000-08:00

Look at what has changed in the last 50 years. Marriage is not as an attractive an option as it used to be for our grandparents. Back in the day folks didn't have careers....they had a "job". Not as many people were going to college so folks got married earlier. Economically it was the only way for most people to survive. The man worked, while the woman took care of the home and raised the children. Nowdays.. more people can live "ok" lives without marriage.

Thanks to more people getting educated, more women working, and the availability of credit. Social programs REWARD women for having children and not getting married. Back in the day people did not just get married out of pure "lust", they got married because it made the most practical sense for surviving.

Nowadays folks gets married simply because of a "tingly feeling" they have for a person... without dedication to the more practical aspects of combining 2 sets of resources to improve the lot of future generations. The pro-feminist movement hurt women from being considered "marriage material" in the eyes of men. Women take on NON-attractive masculine traits to establish careers.

Just as most women don't want to marry a femmine acting man. Most men don't want to wife up a masculine acting women. Marriage is no longer imperative for most peoples day-to-day survival as it once was.......... I feel the marriage rate will continue to decline.

oil dependency

2006-10-11T11:45:00.000-07:00

Moving away from a petroleum economy will take years, not a few weeks. To use non-petroleum energy sources, you need 1) production, 2) a delivery infrastructure and 3) consumption (i.e. hydrogen home water-heaters, ethanol cars).

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Since each of those three factors depends on the other two to be profitable, this change will come as a slow spiral of support. It will start small and slowly build.

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Currently, we are totally dependent on petroleum. The oil companies continue to make money on short-term volatility. A change to a non-petroleum economy will only begin when the general public percieves it is *certain* petroluem will only get more expensive in the future. This might make them buy a flex fuel vehicle next year. This is provided they see enough E85 pumps at the gas station while on their way home, from work.

www and no-www domain names

2006-09-25T19:51:00.000-07:00

Suppose you have a properly configured website. It has non-canonical (e.g. example.com) hostnames redirected to the canonical (e.g. www.example.com) web host. The internal hyperlinks are utterly consistent. In this case, no back-end canonical processing from the search engines is required. The spider only needs to "discover" URLs in the the website, once. It does not need to follow every possible linking path through the website.

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Take a misconfigured website. Multiple hostnames directly resolve to content, without canonical redirects. Internal linking is inconsistent. Here, the spider has to traverse all linking paths. It has to maintain a count of various hostnames and page names used in linking, while comparing page contents along the way. Next, it has to use some sort of algorithm voting to determine "probable" canonical hostname. Once you add inconsistent backlinks from other websites, and it is a bad dream becoming a nightmare.

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Processing requirements from the two cases differ by several orders of magnitude. It is likely in the second case, multiple crawl cycles (possibly taking weeks or months) are required to determine a probable canonical hostname, even for a small website. For a website with 100,000 frequently changing product web pages and the process may never finish.

generic domain names

2006-08-25T18:42:00.000-07:00

It seems one of the big failures of business.com was it was doomed from the start. How much did the Earthlink founder pay for the name? Was it 7 million or 12 million? It was somewhere between those numbers.

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Other generic domain names have failed, too. Mail.com's ownership changed three times, yet it is still not profitable. Auction.com is nowhere near the popularity of eBay. There are others. www.com never really got going. iWon did well and was sold twice. Now, it is part of IAC.

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I don't know one major generic site which is still independent or successful w/o outside help. Heck, even Google needed venture capital to get going. MSN has lost millions. However, Gates still supports the Internet division. Search.com, download.com, news.com, etc. are all owned and operated by C!Net. The founder of C!Net, Hasley Minor, has not been with them for years (he now has a VC firm no less). Originally, shopping.com was owned by Compaq. Then, it was acquired by Dealtime, which acquired epinions, which was acquired by eBay.

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Since the beginning of commerce on the Internet, you needed more than a good domain. There needed to be money behind it. It is a shame what some of those companies did with all of that money. If some had just kept stayed grounded and actually ran a business, I am sure many would still be around today.

the right attitude

2006-08-20T01:58:00.000-07:00

I think it is important for people to listen. This includes everybody, christians, muslim, whatever. Most people don't know how to pray. They kneel down and beg god for everything. "Oh lord, help me get this job so I can get a new car, or buy that house, help my child get good grades in school, etc., etc." Next, they get up, might light a candle or something if they are in a church, make a little sign of the cross, and then go about their business.

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You are talking "at" god. However, how do you hear what "god" has to say? When does god "speak" to you and show you the way? When do you listen?

People need to meditate. It's not complicated. Just sit down and be quiet somewhere. Don't think or try to "hear" things. Make your mind as still as possible. We are constantly bombarded with "noise". The mind never has a chance to rest.

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So, in combination with your search for the "answers", people need to "be still and listen." As things get crazier and crazier, you need to listen to your inner voice, since you're bombarded from the outside. As the old folks say "listen to your first mind."

why meaningless emails

2006-08-11T12:26:00.000-07:00

I believe the internet is becoming sentient. It has locked onto unencrypted, plain-text SMTP as the most ubiquitous, simplest, and most understandable form of communication. HTML and images are too complex.

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At its current level, the semi-intelligent internet is capable only of sending meaningless emails. It sends things textually meaningful but semantically meaningless. For us, it looks like an amalgam of random words and publications with the intent of confusing us. Of course, since so much spam exists, the internet is largely trained by the spammers. This further confuses the emerging intelligence. Since the internet lacks a concept of "self" it perceives every email to be a reply to its own communiques.

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Before the internet becomes intelligent, it needs to learn to filter the meaningless stuff. Next, it must get a concept of self. This is followed by a concept of multiple other individuals (us). At that point, the internet becomes self-aware. At this point, the learning commences in a more directed way.

trading under bad circumstances

2006-07-01T22:04:00.000-07:00

Trading is not an easy business. Losses happen often when trading. It is required to make trade after trade then get yourself up after each setback. However, the winning trader keeps it all in perspective.

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The only thing which matters, ultimately, is the big picture. These are the profits made across a series of trades. But getting up after a setback is often easier said than done. When getting beat down by a series of setbacks, it is hard to get up again. It's easy to begin mulling over what we did wrong. It's easy to feel sorry for yourself.

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Suddenly, our failures seem to be at the forefront. Our successes all seem like flukes which are of little relevance. Instead of remembering our many wins, we remember every single loss. Possibly, we think we may never make a winning trade again.

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With trading being so challenging, it's not difficult to fall prey to disappointment. Unless you get up and start fighting back, you may end up feeling so bad it stagnates you. You aren't looking for profitable opportunities, which means no profit. Or, you make so many trading errors, you dig yourself into a financial hole from which you can't recover.

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Wholesalers and sales tax

2006-05-25T08:06:00.000-07:00

Personally, it's good locals are taxing wholesalers. This is great for the family with a small villa resort, which does not wholesale. However, the tax problem for them is two-fold.

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First, when selling direct, you must pay tax on the total room, or villa, to the local tax authority. On the other hand, wholesalers only pay tax on the "contract" rate. Effectively, they enjoy a state-tax sponsored discount. What makes this annoying is wholesalers often claim prices including xx% tax (the local hotel rate). This tax implies the whole amount, but it is pure bull.

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Second, there is more than the tax. There is the service charge. Wholesalers tend to say "price includes xx% tax and a service charge." Often, their rates do not include the service charge. If they do, the same problem exists. The service charge (%) is based on the contract rate. Also, it is likely this service charge never makes the hotel staff’s pockets. This is because the “twin book” hotel accounting system is endemic worldwide. In my opinion, this is fraud. It is the $50 (US) a month hotel workers, in 3rd world countries, who struggle to put rice on the table who get hurt.

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At a minimum, wholesalers need a "Net / Nett rate which includes all mandatory taxes and service charges (if any)". They should be required to pay the same tax and service charge percentages as hotels who supply the rooms.

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Once you run the numbers, wholesalers have an unfair and unnatural discount of around 15%. This comes from them doing what they do (not paying tax). When the time comes, hopefully they lose their day in court.

Tax should be applied and collected for the whole room amount. Service charges are removed from the equation. The guest pays at their own discretion, at the hotel. Personally, when travelling, don't accept mandatory service charges. Simply, they they are NOT! Pay service charges (and then decide the amount) based on what you get.

news on CYBX

2006-05-04T07:18:00.000-07:00

Today, more red was shed today with the lower closing share price. Once again, it seems the analysts and the market DID NOT get the big picture of the vision of the future Cyberonics wanted to present, or did they?

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This us vs. them and business as usual was in play, and it is a two way street. Results from this company must be blow-out before even the smallest glimmer of respect is attained by Cyberonics. They have too long a history of past shortcomings, of share-owner disappointments, of failing to meet their own projections. When they do, it seems the only option is to take the profit, or a smaller loss, when the opportunity is presents.

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They seem to continue to be unwilling to work with the groups necessary to build a truly successful company. They insist on presenting information and numbers which must be dissected to insure you understand what they are trying to say. "Say what you mean and mean what you say." This would better serve them.

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Is it really the share-owners, analysts, and media's job to dig under every rock to understand every weird metric (e.g. quarterly annualized sales, and the subsequent AP correction) Cyberonics company decides to use? Don't most public companies attempt to be as transparent (who often uses that word) as possible? Don't they lead shareowners and analysts in explaining the road they are taking to become a successful company? Don't they explain the why's for someone placing investment dollars in shares of their business?

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It's the same old story line. It is protecting the management team. Yet, doing so every conference call does little to inspire additional investment in the company. This is especially true from existing shareowners. And, forget about inspiring new investors to the stock.

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Shareowner value creation is what we all want. We keep waiting for the WHEN, in a meaningful, and most importantly and LASTING manner.

using the term "friend"

2006-04-30T13:09:00.000-07:00

The dual use of "friend" as one who reads and one who trusts doesn't necessarily reflect the definition used in everyday speech. Even individual users on a user's friends list contains a mixture of people met through online friendships, real world friendships, general interest, and courtesy (a user "friending" someone who "friended" them). Sometimes, a friends list is something entirely unrelated to social relationships. Rather, it is a reading list, a puzzle, a collection, or something random with no social significance.

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"Friend" is used, without qualification, to describe very different things in the LiveJournal community. This is sometimes a source of hurt feelings, conflict, and other misunderstandings. This is intensified since "friending" and "defriending" ( to add or remove another user from your Friends list) is so easy. On the other hand, real-life friendships are formed and lost over longer periods of time.

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Creating a friend relationship on LiveJournal requires no permission, or action, by anyone but a single user. Any user has the power to friend any other user. Many users are sensitive to being added as a "friend of" controversial users or someone they actively dislike. To counteract this, a feature was added. It allows users to hide the entire list of others who listed them as friend.

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On April Fool's Day, 2004, the LiveJournal staff did a prank on users by changing the terms "friend" and "friend of" to "stalking" and "stalked by." While many users wanted to keep the terms, it caused controversy. This was particularly with those who were victims of stalking.

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Despite the problems, the word friend continues in use. It defines these multi-faceted relationships on LiveJournal. Possibly, this reflects the designers' intent for LiveJournal to become more like an off-line community than some purely on-line organizational structure.

Google kicked me out

2006-04-29T18:33:00.000-07:00

I started a website July 2005. It took 6 months to get out of "the sandbox" aka "the pit of dispair" for those in it. Finally, the big day came when entering my domain in Google actually produced results This was after google had used multiple megabytes or more every month for 6 months indexing the website but hadn't included a single page. Fairly quickly after this, level 2 and 3 pages started making showing in Google. I got pagerank of 2 (not great but a big improvement over 0).

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Around a week ago, I began to notice results dropping. Only the main page and 58 "supplementals" were showing. These were all pages from July/August 2005 (they had cached pages then but never included them in the index). Anyway, today, all the supplementals are gone. A site:xyz.com command produces 1 result. It is my main page. And, it's not text from my main page in the description. Instead, it is the description from dmoz (i.e. the google directory). Basically, I've returned to "sandbox" purgatory, or possibly even worse, plain old "I-don't-really-exist hell".

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The thing which is hard to understand is why. It's a non-profit fansite. It is for an actor who is a household name. Their is original content. In fact, it's so original, I feel confident saying there is a lot of material on the website which isn't found anywhere on the web. That's because we actually scanned it, or wrote it.

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We have inbound links from PR 9 websites like IMDB and DMOZ with lots of 6's and 7's. We have won awards for being a great website for content. We are on Page 1 in both Yahoo and MSN for searches on our main keywords. If we are not the best, certainly we are in the top 2 websites for our type of content type.This is why we have plenty of inbound links from peoples blogs, livejournals, forums, etc. to our main page AND deeper web pages.

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discussing the Google sandbox

2006-04-28T20:37:00.000-07:00

In the old days, it seemed the monthly update cycle was due to the three weeks needed to go through all the iterations to resolve PageRank. Definitely, PR is calculated differently these days. However, why would PR iterations slow down so much? I'm believe in the complete replacement of PR as the basis of website ranking (although it probably plays a part later)

My thoughts on the Sandbox revolve around Google no longer basing it on the page but on the Search Phrase. After the Florida update, we could compare two radically different sets of results using the -asdf string. It seems the new results were not a filtered subset of the old PR-based results. Instead, they were an entirely different set of results. Obviously, there were some results in common, but not as far as ordering.

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These search phrases were called 'money phrases' because they were primarily centred on phrases targeted by commercial web sites. The number of covered phrases expanded massively in August, 2004. It covered non-money phrases. In addition, there was a 'website filter' applied. It would suddenly reduce all the website rankings of pages, massively. This was for all the search phrases Google recognised.

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Following this line of thinking, you see a possible explanation for the way the Sandbox works. You create a website. At first, the web pages are 'folded in' to the results. At some future time, between a few days and a few weeks, they are given more permanent ranking within the search phrase.

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Maybe, Google does a 'do we trust this website' calculation. It is a combination of Trustrank, age of links, nature of links, power of links, similarity in pattern of links to spam networks, or whatever. After this, the traditional algorithm, including PageRank, is applied.

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The idea of 'trusting websites' relating to a single iteration of some set of factors is interesting. It was thought 'search phrase' ranking (such as Latent Semantic Indexing) was beyond the current computing power for a large number of search phrases. But some people who wrote papers, on these subjects, ended up working at Google.

Myspace profiles

2006-04-25T23:30:00.000-07:00

Each profile has two standard "blurbs": "About Me" and "Who I'd Like to Meet."

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Profiles contain sections about standard interests, including music, television, books, and movies. There are specific personal details, with marital status, physical appearance, and income. Profiles contain a blog.

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Customizing MySpace includes uploading images to the site. Choose one of the images as the "default." This image is shown on the profile's main page. Also, it appears to the side of the user's name on comments, messages, etc. MySpace.com has recently added the option to upload videos.

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There is a count of the friends the user has. A total of eight friends, or "Top 8," are shown on the profile. It has a link to a page listing all of the user's friends. Below this, there is a "comments" section. Here, friends leave comments about the user for all viewers to see. Most users leave comments which are intended to be personal. This leaves the whole MySpace network to read their business.

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Kobe Bryan'ts greatness

2006-04-15T21:14:00.000-07:00

Some cats don't see this. If L.A. thought they had to drop either Kobe or Shaq, they made the right decision. How do you keep Shaq at his age & size over a player in their mid to late 20's? And, they probably haven't reached their full potential.

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MJ set a rediculous standard. However, Kobe is the closest to being Jordanesque. When you look at MJ's career, it's doubtful Kobe accomplishes the same. MJ set the bar too high, so I don't judge him on an MJ scale.

Out of the 3 NBA Championships, all of the MVP's went to Shaq. This put Kobe 3 in the hole. He's in the hole for the 2006 MVP, as well. Personally, Kobe made Shaq look better. If there were no Kobe, L.A. would not have won that game 7 to Portland in 2000. They would have struggled with Indiana in the Finals.

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Kobe is similar to MJ in their ability to get a shot off at will. They both create instant offense. Shaq has to be in postion to create offense. Kobe does it anywhere on the floor. He is the closest to MJ as a threat in the clutch. I've never seen Kobe on the bench, in LA, for fear of being fouled at the end of a game.

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Cats only question Kobe because of the MJ comparisons. He perceived as arrogant, or too confidence, or guilty for the stuff which went down with Shaq. MJ was questioned until no one could deny he was the greatest. The same happens with Kobe.

hand-coding in Yahoo SERPs

2006-04-08T22:40:00.000-07:00

Yahoo does not seem to trust their SE algorithms. The hand coding is becoming more and more prevalent. It is approaching full-on editorial directory status, since they are hand-editing the related searches as well.

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It's sad Yahoo sunk a quarter billion into search technology when they bought inktomi, etc. only to bag it and go the directory route. If this is the direction they are going (it appears to be), they need to dedicate more resources to the hand-edited areas. There is no excuse for waiting years to update certain areas.

Furthermore, Yahoo needs to disclose which serps are hand-coded. Then, give users some explanation why they are seeing these results. Are they Yahoo partners? Was it the site design? Are their qualified editors for the areas websites are affected?

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Seriously, they need a little FAQ about how they rank websites, like all SE's do (vague but something). Plus, ADD the truth. "Often, when our technology is not deemed sufficent, we choose to select the ordering of pages".

Let's be clear, it's not about how good or bad the hand coded serps are. This is about them not handling it properly. If they want a good directory, they NEED employees who are somehow qualified to be editors. And, they NEED to occasionally update the serps.

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Lastly, there is a lot of room for corruption here. They blatantly place websites wherever they see fit. It is not by software, but by preference of their staff. One wonders how and if corruption is avoided.

Adsense margings down for Google?

2006-03-09T15:35:00.000-08:00

Perhaps Google is seeing the effect of pricing policies. These are driving some webmasters to seeks more profitable uses of screen real estate.

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It seems the trend has been set now. Google adwords users are busy benefitting from extensive cost-saving features, now available. Combine this with smart-pricing and it forces publishers to defect. Why? Rates for alternative ads become more attractive.

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Google has the opportunity to turn this around. However, I doubt they are in a position to increase payouts, unless they charge significantly more for Adwords-related clicks. It is difficult because so many folk are expert manipulators of the Adwords system now. Besides, Google seems intent on getting rid of those who manipulate Adsense to the degree where big-click money continuously flows through the system (opinion not fact).

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While affiliate ads benefit greatly from adwords at the moment, Adsense ads are close to being debunked by many. This is especially true for those who depend on revenue from ads. It is a vicious circle really. It is possible Google loses big time as they earn a cut from the overall revenue generated from adsense clicks.

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It is conceivable, but in a way, if Google discourages made-for-adsense (MFA) sites, it loses revenue. At the same time, it depreciates the net worth of a whole raft of advertisers who perceive the lower number of clicks, thus a lower conversion opportunity. Hence, they want to pay even less for ads. If this continues, adsense clicks will have less value than paid text links. Even worse, the value is less than banner/affiliate ads. Many publishers are already seeing this trend.

One thing Google seems to like is prejudging buyers before they get a chance to shop. By showing lesser-value ads, or discouraging sites from displaying ads, the recipient sites gain less traffic. Consequently, there are fewer potential buyers.

Google has incredibly clever folk. However, when it comes to judging human-nature, they are trying to be too clever. It changes the landscape of both buyer and seller intuitiveness. e.g. 'Is a guy looking for tennis balls interested in buying a racket? Perhaps they are potential buyers for chalk, wrist-bands, headbands, sneakers, tickets for a local match, club membership, tuition, trophies, prize-engraving, sports-news etc.' Google doesn't yet cover all the associations if the words aren't directly associated with the keyword -tennis-.

By targeting themselves to (example keyword) tennis balls so accurately, Google effectively forces many advertisers to miss opportunities. This loses the impulse-buyers, who are actively researching other interesting, related articles, and sites. They are not apparently focused on 'tennis balls' or other closely related keywords.

effective blocking

2005-12-07T21:52:00.000-08:00

What do you do to see if your filter list is hurting your bottom line?

First, take your filter list. Paste it into a text file. Save it. Next, delete the entire thing from your URL filter list in your account. Yes, the entire list. Add selected URLs back to it, but ONLY the ones you use to block competitors or unethical companies.

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After a few hours, some new ads should start appearing on your site. For AdSense, use the AdSense ad viewing tool, if you are outside the geotargeted area of the majority of your audience. The tool takes into account the filter list. Try and resist the knee-jerk reaction to automatically put those "irrelevant" ad URLs back into the filter. Remember, that one URL could be responsible for higher paying ads appearing on your site.

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Don't forget! AdSense & YPN are in it to make money, too! They are going to show the highest-paying ads available for the keywords selected for each individual web page. The more the advertiser pays, the more you and AdSense/YPN earn. It doesn't benefit them to show ads worth the least amount of money. So, if you think ads pay too low, it is a mistake to block them (especially since you could be blocking all their highly-targeted, and high-paying, ads from your site as well.)

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Over the next several days, watch your stats! It is preferable to do this over weekdays, and over a non-holiday week. Other factors (such as advertisers lowering bids for weekends and holidays, or pausing campaigns altogether) can have an impact that are not related to your filter list at all.

recips

2005-10-25T19:48:00.000-07:00

For me, reciprocal linking is a necessary evil. I don't like it, but I use it for most sites. The goal is to keep it very focused, and ask whether you consider a website for a link exchange, "Will someone, who is interested in what I have on my site, find this other website useful?" If the answer is yes, we exchange links. If no, then move to the next link exchange.

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To hedge your bets, seek one-way, incoming links from syndicating articles to other websites. Do this whenever the website has potential article material which fits their theme.

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If your website has potential for generating articles, look into this. Write informative articles. Do not write a promotion of your website. Instead, it needs to be genuinely useful information, on a topic closely related to your website.

Submit your articles to various e-zine syndication websites (follow their guidlines of what they want, of course). Your article has a byline to link to your website. It is posted on that website. Plus, it has the potential of being picked up and posted on any other sites looking for content on that topic.

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If you want to be more proactive, target specific sites you want links. However, that gets a little tricky. It is easy to get accused of spamming, if you don't present your offer wisely. Specifically, be sure they're interested in seeing your article before you send it.

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if you have newsworthy info to report, submit press releases to online press release sites. This is another way to get one-way links.

impact on earnings

2005-09-28T06:41:00.000-07:00

Although I do not have any precise figures, it seems obvious that many publishers continue to join AdSense.

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If the growth of advertising inventory on the publishing side is growing faster than demand on the advertiser side, there is clearly going to be somewhat of a dampening effect on earnings for publishers. If advertisers sense that there is lots of suitable publishing inventory available, they will bid less.

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Although I have just recently joined AdSense, it seems that this has already been at work over the last couple of years of AdSense. I have read innumerable posts from publishers reminiscing about how they used to have a much higher EPC.

It would be nice to see some detailed historical data on how returns for AdSense publishers have changed over the course of time.

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Regarding my own site - CTR has been lower but EPC has been much higher over the last couple of weeks. The increase in EPC has sharply outweighed the drop in CTR resulting in a higher ECPM. I have no idea as to what has happened - too many variables.

I do not put too much stock in these short-term trends at any rate. I have seen a lot of ups and downs in various areas in just four months on AdSense. I will only get concerned if problems continue for an extended period of time.

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For me, AdSense remains the best option for monetizing my site. It requires a minimal amount of intervention on my part and allows me to spend the maximum amount of time producing content.

maximizing the sale value of a website

2005-09-09T10:12:00.000-07:00

On webmaster forums with "sites for sale" sections you will find a LOT of low ball speculators who will only pay 10x the monthly income, and if you ask for more there is usually uproar and people start commenting on how you should value your site and how you've got it all wrong.

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If you have a template/datafeed site 10x monthly revenue is a good offer. However, if you have something unique then you can get a much better price if you sell to the right person....

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Who Is the right person?

Q: Who would be prepared to pay the most for your site?

A1: People in related niches looking to expand horizontally
A2: People already in your niche

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Hypothetical Situation
----------------------
I have a site about Green Widgets. I dominate that field, and have all the traffic there is to have. Where can I expand? Red Widgets look good. If you have a site about Red Widgets, your site about Red Widgets would be of great interest to me because the sites are related, and they can send traffic to each other thus buying your site can boost the value of my existing site as well.

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Look for those sort of people to approach. Contact them privatly by email. Also post a note in the page header of your site with link to a page of details explaining your site is for sale.. chances are your best potential buyers already read your site ;)

promote a website

2005-08-15T10:48:00.000-07:00

There are several ways to promote your website for free online. Here are 10 highly effective techniques you can start using right now.

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1. Write articles or free reports for other webmasters to publish and put your website address in the by-line. If you can write good content, your articles will be published and a lot of readers who like your article will start using your website.

2. Arrange Joint Venture partnership with Webmasters and List owners.

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3. Add your ad or website address to your own email signature. Thus, each time you send an email, you'll promote your own website.

4. Start exchanging Links with Other Webmasters. This is another very effective strategy to generate targeted traffic to your website free of cost.It involves contacting other webmasters for a probable link exchange partnership.

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5. Add a blog to your site and Ping weblogs.com and the other search engines. Pinging your blogs to the search engines is the fastest and surest way to get the search engine robots to visit your blog and attract a number of new visitors to your web site regularly.

6. Submit your blog address to different blog search sites and directories. You can submit your blog's URL to websites such as Technorati, Daypop, Popdex and Blogdex.

7. Start creating RSS feeds for your site and submit the feed URLs to the major RSS feed directories online.

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8. Become an active commenter. Try to leave your comments on the blogs that you visit regularly. Most of the comment systems also provide a way for you to leave a link back to your blog or website which begs a visit at the very least.

9. If you decide to have anything printed up, give your web address on it. You can print your URL on business cards, leaflets, stickers, etc.

10. Add your own web address to your forum profile signature. Each time you post or respond to questions, your ad will be displayed. If you can post good and useful content in forums, people who go through your threads will also certainly check out your website .

dealing with Google's algorithm

2005-07-13T18:25:00.000-07:00

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Let's say Google uses some kind of a sandbox for new sites. Yahoo & MSN don't seem to do that. Also, there are reports Google looks for abnormal link rate growth in order to detect spam. Sites with excessive inbound link growth seem to get banned.

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There are so many sites using the SERPS of Google, Yahoo & MSN (which don't have a sandbox) to get content, that inbound links are growing at an un-natural rate for almost everybody. The bigger a site, the quicker these spammy inbound links grow. Before a site even gets out of sandbox it has all of these spammy inbound links.

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I've spent months trying to figure out why my website got kicked. After taking a look at many other sites that got kicked, it seems they all have the same thing in common - there are many spamy sites scraping content from search engines (and the websites directly), and providing links to the site.

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Many of these spammy sites have many pages with the same listing, and almost always they use the same link text, so that adds to the problem.

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I know Google has said that no other webmaster can hurt your ranking but after studying this I truly believe these spammy sites are getting legit sites kicked in Google, between abnormal link growth, duplicate content and identical link texts.

valuing a website

2005-06-30T18:02:00.000-07:00

It really made me stop and think, when someone said a site with growth potential could be sold for five times its annual revenue. I have only barely begun to develop the ad revenue potential of my site, as I have previously used it to represent my brick-and-mortar business on the web.

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Even so, my July revenue will be a few dollars short of five thousand dollars. If that persists, then my site's annual revenue would be sixty thousand dollars, suggesting I could cash out for three hundred grand.

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My wife's jaw hit the floor when I told her that. We briefly entertained the idea of selling it and using the money to start some other site, but I think I would be much better off in the long run to develop the site. If my site has the potential to be worth three hundred grand to someone else who might grow it, what would it be worth to me if I grew it myself.

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However, I pointed out to my wife that if something happened to me, she could, if she chose, cash out and buy herself a house and have enough money to finish her degree.

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Up until now I didn't think there was a lot of point to drawing up a will, as I didn't think I had any real assets, but now I realize I do. I'm a recent immigrant to Nova Scotia, Canada, so I don't know much about inheritance laws or estate planning here. I'm going to do some research (I have a friend who used to do estate planning professionally) and then do what the experts advise.

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I know from a book I read by financial guru Suze Orman that wills aren't actually the best thing if you have a lot of assets, because there are probate fees and the inheritance can be tied up for a long time, possibly a time of great need. Better than a will is a trust, at least in the US. I expect Canada has such things. I'm going to find out... and soon.

the story of an SEO spammer

2005-06-25T08:43:00.000-07:00

PHASE 1 (1996-99?)

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I began my SEO life as a search engine spammer, as I believe most of the 'old guard' did, whether they admit it or not. That's how it was done in those early days. Content WASN'T king by any means.

It was actually quite easy. The works: hidden text, keyword stuffing, etc. Back it up with single doorway pages all over the place and there you have it. A real dogs dinner but flying high in the then predominant engines (WebCrawler, Infoseek, AV, etc).

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We got away with it I suppose because the net was so young. It was still heavily techie driven and largely a techie tool. Indeed, I too was approaching it too much from a techie rather than a business perspective - so despite high rankings I was making virtually nothing. It was just a fun pastime in a bizarre but compelling sense.

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Fortunately I learned, eventually. Actually, I was partly pushed: the twin demands of greater search engine sophistication, and the need to make a living were both converging horribly upon me.

PHASE 2 (1999-2000?)

I began to develop sites that would make at least some effort to persuade people to actually buy stuff. Sites that actually had some information and decent content on them!

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I didn't fully understand the direction I was taking at the time, I simply realized that "Hey, Buy It Here... Now!" wasn't going to fool anyone. So some sites in my really messy empire were starting to be mildly useful. I started at last to make a bit of money. Helpful to buy food with!

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The search engine world was also changing. Alta Vista (which at the time was SO easy to manipulate) was starting to put its own sized 10 foot into its own prospects. Every decision seemed to be designed to lose its searcher base. Excite, Lycos and others were still significant players (having previously seen off WebCrawler and Infoseek), but Google was appearing on the radar ever more prominently.

There were still a few neat tricks around though... almost guaranteed to propel you onto the front page of AV for example. Anyone recall the free listbot service from Microsoft? This set you up with a nice page to attract members (on Microsoft servers)... a page that to AV had what would equate I suppose to PR6/7 nowadays. Set it up correctly and you had a nice 1 to 1 link from that page. Bingo... I had at least 50 such pages in place. Ahhh... those were the days.

By late 1999, or early 2000, I was starting to lurk around WebmasterWorld. Nice... there ARE other folks into this game as well. Still... I had not yet fully embraced the concept that to sell you had to fully speak buyer/visitor language. I could bag #1 on AV, but sell very little, if anything. I was evolving like the search engines I suppose.

PHASE 3 (2000-2001?)

I suppose I was always heading there, but being a bit of a lefty/liberal I now decided to create sites that were actually useful to people - create good solid informative sites and see what happens. I did a couple... stacked with info and selling only as an incidental aside.

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Guess what? You don't need me to tell you... they were far more effective than anything I had done previously. Frankly, that came as a real surprise. Aligned with this is the progress of Google. It is by now becoming the biggest player, but by no means dominant yet. Just as well.

Wallop! A few months later.... PR0 day! Disaster... half my old empire goes. No prizes for guessing what sites survive. Fortunately, the surviving sites are enough to get by on. But this is a turning point and an eye opener. I had escaped 'Miserable Monday' (Blue line Day?) under Alta Vista, but this time I was in tatters. Excessive cross linking had been my undoing.

PHASE 4 (2001-2003?)

The new approach.... I create the most informative sites in their respective sectors. Really heavy on info, much lighter on selling. Sites I am actually proud of because they offer something completely unique (IMHO). This is a pro-active, thought through, decision.

hould I continue to play the edges, to try to out think and dodge the filters six inches behind my backside (fun as it is)? Or should I develop for where search engines ought to be NEXT year or the year after, and be a little more patient in building traffic. Obviously I adopt the latter strategy.

I expect to climb slowly as Google/etc improve their aglo's, and meet at #1 somewhere in the future. I know it's risky in some ways because it assumes Google WILL improve and that heavy/good content and sensible linking WILL deliver as expected (to large degree that was already evident and had been for a while).

The other aspect of this was the 'social contract' concept. Google and others were essentially saying they would rank sites on merit as much as possible. If we (webmasters) developed good, ON-TOPIC, informative websites for the keywords in question, Google would reward us. OK then - we'll see.

I took this course (generally) and hoped they would keep to their part of the bargain and would have the technical ability to deliver it and stick to it.

PHASE 5 (2003)

Well yes, I suppose it's been working for a while. My sites rank well in their particular niches (by the way - totally different markets to earlier ones which I pretty much abandoned with PR0). It isn't easy though - content heavy sites take work, as does managing them properly and inviting links (I tend not to badger people by the way - if the site is right they will come to you).

There are not many short cuts to building a real class site. My concern these days is largely at getting hit unfairly and unreasonably. I've seen dolphins caught in some of Google's tuna filters... it can happen. The risk is they make the decision, to accept "collateral damage".

I can't accept that at all and never will. I especially can't accept it if it is me who is damaged! I'd be so hacked off I'd go back to spamming and with a clean conscience about it. We just have to see - but so far so good. My decision to 'go straight' still looks sound. But I'm a nervous puppy, especially at present, with Dominic wobbling all over the place.

PHASE 6 (2003-2005)

The future I guess.... My hopes: - Google continues to play fair and continues to understand it has a partnership with the webmaster community. If it sets guidelines and people keep to them, it should create reasonable stability (which is important to most businesses). Both sides prosper.

This does NOT buy into the idea collateral damage is fine. It isn't fine - it is totally innocent people (I don't mean me) suffering as a result of a cold calculation. Ethically unacceptable.

My Fear is "Money talks". We've seen search engines sell out to PPC, bought in rank placements, and worse. Look at MSN propping up Looksmart and their outrageous scheme switch last year (2003).

I'd hate Google to lose the ethics and quality commitment it has demonstrated thus far - but it is bound to be under continual pressure (eg: to extend sponsored ads and adwords into the clean returns space).

Another fear is my sites take a hit for no good reason, as above. Another is Microsoft sneaking in 'smart tags' or some other unethical unreasonable attack on clean search engines via their control of the browser market.

As far as the Industry, the signs are OK, considering it is fast becoming accepted as a mainline advertising media channel. No one likes a monopoly, so its good Microsoft hasn't been able to dominate the search engine space because of competition from Google.

When you think about it, a monopoly have been exploited really horribly. They would have very much devalued the web itself.

Everything is relative in this game, as in life.

FINALLY

Read the story above as a whole and it kinda fits doesn't it? As soon as I started putting something in, other than greed for that statistic of being #1, I started reaping some rewards. As soon as I started building stuff that genuinely helped people, I started to prosper.

Anyhow... that's my broad brush background and snapshot of the past and present, which may prove mildly interesting to some. It's a rough ride in which it is SOOO easy to get squashed, either by your own mistakes (I lost a prime site just this week through an accident!) or by events and the search engine market itself, which is NEVER stagnant.

We are competing using a medium which itself is competing - a recipe for instability and unpredictability.

getting affiliate marketing to work

2005-06-18T10:29:00.000-07:00

It seems to me people are looking for 1 specific way to make money using affiliates, some sort of Holy Grail. IMO there are 1000's of different ways you can make a decent living online.After a few years of hardwork and research I now have a method where I can create a site in 3 days and that site will make at around $1,000-$3,000 per month with NO WORK other work.

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A friend of mine who shares this strategy with me calls it 'passive income'. Sure my income per user isn't as good as some people here, but to me that is irrelavent. The bottom line for me is how much each site can earn per month for X hours of work.

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The beauty of these sites is the require no maintainence. Once I figured out this method I simply duplicated over and over and over again. My target is 50-100 sites over the next year or so - do the maths .

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Ok I'm waffling here, my point here is no-one is just going to hand over all their secrets and dilute the effectiveness of their sites - are they now? My advice for people looking to make a living out of the www, is work hard, read as much as you can, test lots of different methods/ideas, talk to as many people as you can and don't expect something for nothing.

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Eventually you will find something that works for you. My original goal was for recurring income for as little work as possible, I had several ideas before I arrived where I am today, most of the ideas didn't work out but 1 did. Set your targets and keep pushing to achieve them - perseverance is everything but luck helps too!

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what is virtual hosting?

2005-06-16T10:37:00.000-07:00

Definition.

Virtual or shared Web hosting is the business of housing and serving files for a Web site. Typically, an individual or small to mid-sized business cannot afford to independently obtain an extremely robust connection to the Internet for their Web presence. Virtual or shared Web hosting thus provides these consumers with the option to outsource their Internet requirements inexpensively.

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Using a shared hosting service allows these companies to share the cost of a fast Internet connection for serving files. It is the most basic entry-level, fee-based hosting service a consumer can select.

Shared hosting benefits.

Shared hosting offers clients the ability to host their Web site on a powerful, professionally managed server at a low monthly cost. Shared servers provide individual Web sites with redundant connectivity and guaranteed uptime. These services provide an excellent solution for entry-level hosting needs because they are designed to host small-scale, e-commerce sites and static Web pages.

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Shared hosting is also popular amongst first-time webmasters because it can provide a reliable Web presence without advanced technical skills. Such a service is also advantageous to the smaller consumer because it assures them that they will obtain transparent services and that their Web site will have its own domain name and set of e-mail addresses.

More on virtual hosting.

Virtual hosting services are thus extremely popular because they offer the smaller consumer fast deployment, strong resources and most importantly, low cost. By paying an affordable and predictable monthly fee to a shared Web hosting service, consumers obtain reliability, expertise and faster connections than their dial-up service can provide.

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Such a service is also advantageous to the smaller consumer because it allows them outsource a high-traffic, content-rich Web site for a small percentage of what it would cost to hire a single employee to develop it and run it in-house. For this reason, most individuals and small businesses opt to select a virtual hosting service because it is inexpensive and usually provides the basic services that they require.

Practical benefits.

Convenience is another factor that drives popular interest in shared Web hosting due to the service's fast setup time and bundled features. Typically, site activation can take minutes after you have purchased services with a credit card.

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The most characteristic feature of virtual Web hosting is that services are usually bundled. For an inclusive monthly fee, consumers can obtain a variety of high-quality, multi-platform Web site solutions.

Standard services.

Usually the bundle of services includes a minimum amount of disk storage space for your Web pages. The bundle will normally also include a minimum amount of data transfer, or a capped amount of data that your can send to individuals that access your Web site.

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Most virtual accounts will also include e-mail forwarding services along with hardwired, physical e-mail boxes. Mail forwarding services allows you to create e-mail aliases at your domain name that will forward to an external e-mail address.

A descent shared hosting firm will also include free 24x7 technical support in all of its service bundles. It should also include unlimited file transfer protocol (FTP) services so that you can update your Web site at anytime.

What to expect.

For your own reference, a shared Web hosting service should also provide you access to Web statistics, so that you can gage how many Internet clients are visiting your site. For the sake of accuracy, a reliable Web host should also provide its customers with access to raw statistical logs, so that consumers can use their own statistical Web packages for site analysis.

Other services that are typically characteristic of a shared Web host include: daily tape backup of your Web site; anonymous FTP server so that you can provide distribute your file for public access via file transfer protocol format; and full CGI-BIN access so that as you upload scripts that will add functionality to your Web site.

how not to lose focus / get distracted during the day?

2005-06-08T18:54:00.000-07:00

The other thing that inspires these sorts of bored behaviors is simply not having enough to do. You'll find if you have strict deadlines, and many clients wanting deliverables from you - the last thing you're thinking of is what's on the news sites. Perhaps seeking more clients that will add more work, diversify your work and add more pressure to you - will give you incentive to leave the infotainment, and focus on meeting deadlines and goals.

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This is very similar to 'bench time' in consulting firms, where there is a very low trickle of work, and each day feels like a century and you start 'hitting the net more'. But when things are busy and 3 clients want enterprise class sites developed YESTERDAY, each day feels like about 15 minutes long.

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The other thing, which is a phenominon that has really started to develop over the past few years is how we manage the excessive and ever changing information available to us.
Example, checking the same news site 5 times in a day to see whats new. Although the odds of new or meaningful changes to the site are low, we get into a rut of checking it over and over again because its sitting there in our browser's Links bar.

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The time would be much better managed by setting aside 30 minutes early in the morning as your still waking up, going once through your usual stuff (news, banking, exchange rates, whaterver) and then leaving it at that until the next day. Any additional visits to those resources throughout the day will add little to no value. Its very easy to go back to a forum, especially, 4-5 times a day to see new posts, but ultimately those 4-5 times convert into alot of total time consumed.

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msn search commands

2005-06-04T11:26:00.000-07:00

Miva is way easier to administer, than osCommerce.

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Trying to customize the layout and look of osCommerce is a nightmare. Miva also has many third party add-on modules that can go a long way towards improving the look & functionality of the store. The modules tend to be fairly inexpensive and easy to use.

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osCommerce also has their version of modules (I forget what they are called) but they can be far from user friendly. For example, one osCommerce add-on that allows you to set separate price groups for wholesale & retail purchasing requires modifying code in 41 separate files just to install! By comparison, this feature is standard in Miva.

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Miva allows you to set page titles and meta tags, and plenty of other stuff, by the category and by the product. Also, if you don't want customers being returned to the page they were on after placing something in their shopping cart, that too is easy enough to change. (personally i like it that way.)

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osCommerce is not more SE friendly. Perhaps, right out of the box it is true, but Miva has many options/modules for helping with SEO.

Miva is far from perfect but much easier to customize and use. osCommerce is fairly full featured and, of course, free. But if you value your time osCommerce may actually be more expensive to use in the long run. Naturally, this is all just my personal opinion.

star wars - the rebellion and thereafter

2005-06-02T16:33:00.000-07:00

Most of the events between Star Wars Episodes have been detailed in the Expanded Universe, but have not been detailed by Lucas himself. According to the Expanded Universe, between Episode 6: Return of the Jedi and Episode 7, Emperor Palpatine was succeeded by his Grand Vizier, Sate Pestage. He was in turn replaced by Director of Intelligence, Ysanne Isard.

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Grand Admiral Thrawn, a Chiss from Csilla, returned from the Unknown Regions to take over the weakened Empire. Following his assassination, Emperor Palpatine returned to rule in a clone body. His Royal Guardsman, Carnor Jax, arranged for all clone bodies of Emperor Palpatine to be damaged. Carnor Jax was slain by the last faithful Royal Guardsman, Kir Kanos.

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Carnor Jax was succeeded by the Imperial Interim Ruling Council, headed by Burr Nolyds. He was assassinated by the Yuuzhan Vong agent Nom Anor, as were the two elected heads after him, first Admiral Banjeer, then General Immodet. Under the direction of Lord Manos, a Devaronian, they eventually elected Xandel Carivus.

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Carivus, in a foolish sense of pride, declared himself Emperor. Upon his assassination, the Republic was once again restored to its former position, upon the
growing threat posed by the Yuuzhan Vong. Leia Organa Solo was now recognized throughout the Galaxy as the undisputed Chief of State.

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THE SEQUEL TRILOGY AND THEREAFTER

In Episode 7, the Jedi had been reorganized, but so had the Dark Jedi, led by Shindor of Brontic. These Dark Jedi carried not only purple, blue and green-bladed light sabers, but yellow, orange, white and black-bladed light sabers as well. The main opponent in Episode 7 was one of the chief Dark Jedi under Shindor, Spiden of Volotta. Aided by Asp, a changeling spy from Sentor, Spiden and Shindor controlled a powerful new order of Dark Jedi.

Neither Shindor nor Spiden were Sith, for the Sith were truly extinct, no longer to terrorize the Galaxy. The war between the Dark Jedi and Luke’s New Jedi Order are
all part of Star Wars: The Sequel Trilogy, Episodes 7, 8, and 9. In the Sequel Trilogy, the threat of the Dark Jedi is vanquished, eliminating the dark side of
the Force forever.

Luke Skywalker and his sister, Leia Organa Solo, continued in their positions of leadership. 20 years after Episode 7, they entered into negotiations with
the fierce Raverons of the Unknown Regions. The Raverons attempted to take over the Republic, breaking their negotiations. Luckily, the Raverons failed.

Luke and Leia lived to be well over 100 years old. With Leia’s passing, Grone Tisal, Chief of Coruscant Secret Security, became the next elected Chief of State. The
Jedi Order continued to prosper and protect the Galaxy under Luke’s son, Ben Skywalker. Peace was established throughout the Galaxy.

changing focus

2005-02-18T16:25:00.000-08:00

GRML is moving away from mimicking the web-focused markup language. This is not to say it loses its web capabilites. Rather, it indicates a recognition of the value of data-oriented file formats.

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Backlinks (Link popularity)

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Data entry software
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Backlinks (Link popularity)

HTML satisfactorily fills the role as a display-oriented markup language for the web. If not, there are complementary technologies to fill gaps. These include CSS, DHTML, and Javascript. When that is not sufficient, there are new technologies to improve HTML, such as XHTML.

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By not trying to complement HTML, GRML is able to focus on other areas where data is limited by its formatting. Of couse, this includes XML and delimited formats. But, it also includes binary-based formats, used in properietary software.

While the desire is not to make GRML all things to all people, there are unquestionably opportunities to complement features lacking in other formats. It is in these deficiencies where GRML has the greatest opportunity to shine.

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using a filter tag

2005-02-09T18:48:00.000-08:00

There are a few problems of having a filter tag.

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GRML Blog

These are the attributes of filtering:

case-insensitive/insensitive
include/exclude
column
by selection/excluding selection
BOOLEAN "AND" "OR"
drill-down/new request
begins with.../ends with...

How do you represent these attributes in a tag?

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refocusing the format

2005-02-04T15:25:00.000-08:00

After using GRML for the past couple of months, it is time to refocus the target audience.

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Instead of targeting users of web browsers, it appears there is more promise with business software users. Finding billing, inventory, scheduling, intranet, accounting, and contact management software users offers a ready market of customers.

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Intranet software LA
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This changed focus, from web browser to workflow, does not require any substantial changes to the markup langauge. In fact, as things are now, there is no need to change anything. However, instead of spending time and resources on supporting multimedia formats, the time is available for data management.

GRML Blog
Intranet software NY
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Intranet software LA
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The next improvement, for GRML, is to add support for grouping. There are many ways to implement this, but it is taking time determining which works best with the existing GRML releases.

adding a history tag -- revisited

2005-02-02T06:42:00.000-08:00

After working with history tags, for the first year and a half, there are many things to consider in their implementation.

There are form, query, and data tags residing in a GRML file or web page. However, history tags do not reside in any of these groups. This is because the content of the tag only populates the history window.

The history window is always a list control. However, many different controls are used for input and displaying data. The query tags do not use controls at all, so they are universally useful.

Maybe it is necessary to add a history tag for reading and saving file and web page requests. However, it is going to be a last resort.

GRML (Blog Title)
GRML (Blog Date)
GRML (Blog Size)
GRML (Blog Company)

more new tags

2005-01-31T21:05:00.000-08:00

There needs to be a mechanism to remove duplicates from results. This becomes useful for determining the number of unique items in a column. For instance, an Order dimension with a column for customers has numerous customer IDs. In fact, for repeat customers, the column has numerous duplicate customer IDs.

(GRML) Blog Title
(GRML) Blog Date
(GRML) Blog Size
(GRML) Blog Company
(GRML) Blog Category

(GRML) Blog Title
(GRML) Blog Date
(GRML) Blog Size
(GRML) Blog Company
(GRML) Blog Category

To find out the number of individual customers, a DISTINCT tag is used. For a specific column, in a dimension, it gives the number of unique items.

(GRML) Blog Title

(GRML) Blog Date
(GRML) Blog Size
(GRML) Blog Company
(GRML) Blog Category

(GRML) Blog Title
(GRML) Blog Date
(GRML) Blog Size
(GRML) Blog Company

(GRML) Blog Category

Since there is no enforcement of data constraints on individual result items, a UNIQUE tag has a use. It only displays one result, if more than one identical result exists. This is unnecessary in a normalized set of data. However, without data constraints, this tag has a potential place.

more tags to consider

2005-01-29T20:29:00.000-08:00

It seems there are three types of GRML tags. There are form tags for inupt controls. There are data tags for columns and results. There are query tags for sorting, grouping, finding, filtering, joins, and unions. Of course, most of these tags have not been implemented, yet. However, this is the direction new GRML releases are following.

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Form tags create input controls for users to submit forms. These tags are only used with web pages. However, a file, using form tags, has active input controls when a web destination is specificed.

Data tags create the view in GRML software. The view is where columns are results are displayed in GRML software.

CSV Delimited

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CSV Delimited
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Query tags determine where and how to use data tags. When GRML software saves a GRML file or web page, these tags may not be included in the markup.

best-case scenario

2005-01-26T17:24:00.000-08:00

As an alternative to CSV and delimited formats, the absolute theoretical best advantage for XML is one-letter element names for its tags and every field quoted in delimited formats. While a practically unrealistic advantage, the overhead of XML is still slightly greater than 2 times the size of CSV or delimited formats. Typically, this is much greater. In practical terms, expect XML to be 9 to 90 times the size of CSV or delimited formats.

Pie Graphs

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Pie Graphs
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Web software
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This is a direct comparison and considers transfers of regular tables (all rows of a column are the same type). The only circumstance where XML is comparable to CSV and delimited formats is when data is very sparse and using minimal element names. In this case, XML makes up much of the overhead a delimited format uses in delimiters. However, there is still a meaningful difference in overhead between XML and the delimited formats.

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Bar Graphs
Web software
Small Business software
Web Ranking software

Pie Graphs
Intranet software
Data entry software
Inventory software

reworking the first GRML articles

2005-01-24T17:07:00.000-08:00

CSV Files
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B2B
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B2B ecommerce

CSV Files
Business services
B2B
B2B Marketing
B2B ecommerce

The front-end requested and retrieved content from a few web services. A data format was needed to handle the retrieved output from the web. Using an arbitrary format was too limiting. Something formal was needed.

The requirements.

While trying to find a suitable data format, HTML and XML were considered. However, they were unacceptable because their features were incompatible with the front-end being developed. There needed to be another choice, one with...

support for multiple views (for use in different applications);
a way to define multiple sets of data for multidimensional views;
content that translates to/from other formats; and
a distinction between the display of the form and view.

Since there was no format meeting all the requirements, the front-end was going to need something new. Using the front-end, it was possible to develop a format and test it for these requirements. In other words, the front-end existed before the markup language!

CSV Files
Business services
B2B
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B2B ecommerce

CSV Files
Business services
B2B
B2B Marketing
B2B ecommerce

Navigation bar

2005-01-23T19:13:00.000-08:00

The navigation bar has the following buttons:

Back loads the previous request in history. It is the same as the Back item in the Go menu, or, pressing Alt+Left Arrow.

Forward loads the next request in history. It is the same as the Forward item in the Go menu, or, pressing Alt+Right Arrow.

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Stop stops... attempts to connect to a website, downloading of a web page, or downloading of images; loading of a file, or loading of images; populating or adding results. It is the same as the Stop item in the Go menu, or, pressing Esc.

Refresh reloads the current web page or file request. It is the same as the Refresh item in the Go menu, or, pressing F5.

Home is the first file or web request of a newly created browser window. When this button is pressed, it loads this request in the active browser window. This setting is shared by all browser windows. It is the same as the Home item in the Go menu, or, pressing Alt+Home.

HTML Browser launches the default HTML browser.

Print prints the contents of the active browser window. It is the same as the Print item in the File menu, or, pressing Ctrl+P. Font sets the font for all browser windows. Send ... To bar.

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Getting around the browser

2005-01-22T19:21:00.000-08:00

When a web browser is used for the first time, it has a specific user interface layout. It allows navigation, browsing, and history. Some windows are movable within the user interface with options to show or hide. Others display content from file and web page requests.

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It is important to understand how to submit a request and how to navigate history. The Address Bar is used to submit a file or web page request and the Navigation Bar is used to navigate requests in history. As requests are submitted, they are added to history. This history is displayed in the History window.

When a request has been made and the content has been read, a browser window displays the results. This window resides in the workspace. There may be one or more browser windows open at a time. All reside in the workspace.

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Once the content is displayed, it is possible to view the details of a selected result item, see the associated image (if any), find out file details, or get an item count. This is done using the support windows.

The File, Arrange, Window, and Send To toolbars provide support for file and window management and advanced hyperlinking. It allows configuration of the interface that is remembered each time the web browser is used. These toolbars are called support toolbars.

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more new tags

2005-01-19T21:50:00.000-08:00

There needs to be a way to add links to a GRML file or web page. A year ago, this feature was in Pioneer Report MDI. However, to simplify the history mechanism, it was removed. In hindsight, the feature was good, but the implementation was not.

A couple of ideas were considered. One was to have a complete navigation-tree for each file or web page. This proved to be impractical, for two reasons. One, what if the user decides to include links on two different levels of the hierarchy? Would the user see the links? Two, the hierarchy probably needs to exist on each file or web page from which it links. This makes navigation unwieldy.

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re-writing article text - Using GRML

2005-01-13T18:16:00.000-08:00

Some GRML viewers do not display columns. Only images, or links, or partial text are displayed. For example, Pioneer Report MDI uses its thumbnail view to display an image and a result item appearing first in the column order. However, all GRML files or web pages require columns, if results are displayed.

Having shown how GRML uses input controls, columns, and results, it is possible to use the above example to create just about any type of GRML file or web page. There are form tags for handling user input and sending requests. There are view tags to display file or web page columns and results.

The only limitation of the above GRML is it does not demonstrate dimension tags. It is a topic discussed in another article. To respond to a request submitted using input controls, server-side processing is required. A server-side scripting, or programming language, such as ASP, JSP, CGI, .NET or PHP is needed. These techniques are discussed in another article.

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GRML Blog Headlines
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GRML Pioneer Report

GRML uses

2005-01-06T17:50:00.000-08:00

File and web browsers require a reader. It downloads and reads files and web pages. Additional uses of GRML include adapters, viewers, editors, and writers.

Bar Graph MDI is a GRML reader. It is an example of a file and web browser using GRML in only one way. It does not adapt, display, edit, nor write GRML. Instead, it creates graphs from GRML files and web pages.

Tree MDI reads and displays GRML using a tree control. The tree control is the viewer of the Tree MDI file and web browser. Tree MDI uses a reader, viewer, and writer. The writer reads GRML and writes (saves) GRML.

A writer allows content in the viewer to be saved to a disk, hard drive, or web server. It does not matter whether the content in the viewer has been changed. Changing, or editing, content is another use.

When Tree MDI displays content, it supports editing. Therefore, Tree MDI is an editor. An editor requires a viewer and therefore, a reader. However, without a writer, there is no way to save edited content. Since Tree MDI has a writer, it allows GRML content to be changed and saved. To save in another format is another use.

An adapter saves GRML in other formats. Or, it saves other formats using GRML. It requires a reader and a writer. Tree MDI has a reader and writes (saves) using GRML, CSV or text delimited formats. For example, it is possible to use Tree MDI to read GRML, edit the content, and write (save) using the CSV or text delimited format.

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GRML Blog
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GRML Blog
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GRML Blog

Tag types

2005-01-05T22:25:00.000-08:00

GRML uses form tags and view tags. The form tags create the input controls in a viewer (viewers display content from GRML files or web pages). The view tags create columns and results. Every tag supports a name.

For form tags, the name is used to associate a value to the input control when sending a request. When it is a view tag, the name is used to create a dimension (i.e. group) of columns and results. While a name is required for form tags, it is optional for view tags.

When GRML reads a line, the tag is read first. All tags use a parent-child relationship to specify values. The parent tag defines the type of tag, whether input control, column or result. Each child tag sets the attributes. Parent tags have closing tags and may use a name. Child tags do not have closing tags and do not use a name.

All tags reside on one line. Once the end of the line is reached, the next tag is read. Once a parent tag is read, everything else on that line is ignored. Child tags are read using an value pair. Once the carriage-return or line-feed is reached, the attribute value is set and the next tag is read.

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Why use CSV and delimited formats?

2005-01-04T18:05:00.000-08:00

With the emergence of XML, many have chosen to avoid CSV and delimited formats. They consider them legacy formats. There are numerous cases where software has abandoned them in favor or XML. It is viewed as an option for reading and saving data. The question becomes, "With XML now available, are other formats necessary?"

The largest software providers (Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle) continue to support CSV and text delimited formats. With support from such industry heavyweights, the question of their relevance may be moot. In addition, many legacy systems depend on CSV and delimited formats so much, they have become a de-facto industry standard.

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last support of "freeware"

2005-01-03T15:51:00.000-08:00

As development of these additional GRML features continues, support for the "freeware" versions is likely to be halted with the current version. Any additional capabilities resulting from development of GRML are to be available with premium versions only. At least, this is the direction things seem to be headed.

The next version of GRML is estimated to be completed in another 6-8 weeks. The reason for the broad range is the unpredictability of developing the software to test each capability. From previous experience, there is nothing simple about releasing software. If the problem is not in design, then it is in programming. Or, it is testing. Or, it is feature complications. There is always something.

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CSV files
CSV files
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Bar Graph software
CSV files
CSV files
CSV files

Bar Graph software
CSV files
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converting formats

2004-12-30T01:19:00.000-08:00

Bar Graph Browsers

HTML does not describe many elements of its content. For example, there is no way to determine the attributes of one text block from another. However, not all HTML content is without description. It does have specific tags for hyperlinks and images.

Using a specific tag to identify content makes it possible to create a script to read only those tags. When found, unwanted tag elements are removed, leaving only the content. The script writes the content in the new format or markup language. This is how HTML hyperlinks and images are converted to GRML.

tag additions

2004-12-25T23:54:00.000-08:00

After consideration, the new upgrades to GRML include grouping, sorting, filtering, unions, and joins. These features exist in SQL. Fortunately, SQL offers a rich library of data handling capabilities appropriate to GRML. The problem is determining a non-obtrusive way to describe them using tags.

These are the tags, as proposed, for subsequent versions of GRML.

<group dimension>

Group is a keyword for a parent tag. To use this tag, a dimension is supplied. It determines which columns are available for grouping. The columns to group are the child tags.

<sort dimension>

Sort is a keyword for a parent tag. To use this tag, a dimension is supplied. It determines which columns are available for sorting. The columns to sort are the child tags.

<union>

Union is a keyword for a parent tag. The child tags are any available dimensions. To display multiple dimensions in one view, add them as child tags.

<filter dimension>

Filter is a keyword for a parent tag. Its use is still being determined. However, it is intended to filter results displayed by selected text.

<join dimension>

Join is a keyword for a parent tag. Its use is still being determined. However, it is intended to join multiple dimensions in one view, when they share a column.

Bar Graph Browsers
Web Browsers
Web Browsers
Web Browsers

Bar Graph Browsers
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Web Browsers

Bar Graph Browsers
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Bar Graph Browsers
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Web Browsers

possible changes

2004-12-24T01:43:00.000-08:00

Adding sorting and grouping support seemed impractical goals, late November. After spending some time considering the possible problems, a practical solution has been developed. It allows the current syntax to maintain its consistency. Plus, it does not require any significant limitations to its implementation in future GRML releases.

The only remaining challenge is to support joins. There are four different types of joins to support in GRML. They are left inner join, right inner join, left outer join, and right outer join. It seemed support for some of these features was discretionary. However, after considering one of the first uses for testing, it became clear all were required.

The question now is, "How do you support all these commands without complicating the syntax and tag relationships?" This is yet another problem to solve, before upgrading GRML support in current releases. This also delays new releases, including browsers.

Bar Graphs - Browsers
Browsers
Browsers
Browsers

Bar Graphs - Browsers
Browsers
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Browsers

Bar Graphs - Browsers
Browsers
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glossary

2004-12-21T19:16:00.000-08:00

Freeware1 Bar graphs
Freeware1 Web Browsers (GRML)
Freeware1 Web Browsers (GRML)
Freeware1 Web Browsers (GRML)

File Guru Bar graphs
File Guru Web Browsers (GRML)
File Guru Web Browsers (GRML)
File Guru Web Browsers (GRML)

File Hungry Bar graphs
File Hungry Web Browsers (GRML)
File Hungry Web Browsers (GRML)
File Hungry Web Browsers (GRML)
File Hungry Web Browsers (GRML)

browser

Software used to read and display data from files or web pages. A browser using files is called a file browser. A browser using the web is called a web browser.

Browsers have navigation buttons, an address bar for submitting requests, and a viewing area for display.

comma separated values

A file format using a comma to distinguish data values. This format is also called comma delimited.

converter

Changes a file or web page from one format to another. For example, Pioneer Report MDI converts to/from GRML, CSV, or delimited formats.

CSV.

See comma separated values.

delimited

A file format using a character to distinguish data values. The character used to distinguish data values is called a delimiter. It defines the delimited format. For example, a file using a comma delimiter, is in comma delimited format.

dialog

Software with no child windows. An example is Microsoft Calculator.

editor

Software to load a file or web format, allowing editing and saving in the same format.

GRML

General Reuse Markup Language. A format using tags to markup data to define data values, data types, and data relationships.

MDI

Multiple Document Interface, is software using child windows. An example is Microsoft Word.

reader

Software to load a file or web page for display, computation, or converting.

SDI

Single Document Interface, is software with one child window. An example is Notepad.

support windows

Windows used in MDI and SDI software to support file and web browsing. For example, History, Picture, and Details are support windows for Pioneer Report MDI.

viewer

Software displaying a file or web format.

CSV and delimited formats.

2004-12-20T20:42:00.000-08:00

Bar graphs
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)

Bar graphs
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)

Bar graphs
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)

CSV (Comma Separated Values) and delimited formats use characters to define values of data. This character is called a delimiter. A delimited format is defined by the delimiter it uses to separate values. For example, the CSV format uses a comma delimiter. It is a comma delimited format. A file using a TAB delimiter is in TAB delimited format.

Unlike other formats, such as HTML, or XML, delimited formats do not use tags to define values. Delimited formats are used to exchange data between applications, read data from files, or save data to file. Many databases, spreadsheets, and web browsers read and save files using a delimited format. For example, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft SQL Server read and save files using CSV and delimited formats.

With the emergence of XML, some have considered CSV and delimited formats to be legacy formats. Many new applications choose to add XML as an option to read and save data. So, some have asked the question if other formats are necessary. Since the largest software providers (Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle) still continue to support CSV and delimited formats, the question may be irrelevant. In addition, many legacy systems depend on CSV and delimited formats so much, they have become a de facto industry standard.

GRML plans

2004-12-18T19:38:00.000-08:00

GRML Web Browsers for bar graphs
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)

GRML Web Browsers for bar graphs
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)

GRML Web Browsers for bar graphs
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)
Web Browsers (GRML)

With the planned development of new features, GRML finally becomes a complement to SQL. The upgrades do not include full support for SQL capabilities. However, as development continues, these missing features provide a clear path for future improvements.

Currently, the next versions of GRML are designed to support the following: grouping, joining, and sorting. The implementation of these capabilities is achieved by rearranging the tags in a file or web page. Instead of having to learn a new syntax or keyword commands to use these features, the tags contain the logical ordering and processing for content.

To sort, a new <sort name> tag is used. The name attribute is used to define the dimension used for sorting. The child tags determine the columns to be sorted, and their sort order. Likewise, a <group name> parent tag is used for grouping. The child tags determine the columns to use for grouping individual results.

These improvements are in development and are planned to be released in January, 2005. Not all features have full commitment and are dependent on their practical application to the markup language.

development path for GRML

2004-12-13T19:19:00.000-08:00

Bar Graph MDI (bar graphs in web browsers)
Headlines MDI (GRML web browsers)
Pioneer Report MDI (GRML web browsers)
Tree MDI (GRML web browsers)

Shareware Junction Pioneer Report MDI (GRML web browsers)
Shareware Junction Bar Graph MDI (bar graphs, GRML web browsers)
Shareware Junction Headlines MDI (GRML web browsers)
Shareware Junction Tree MDI (GRML web browsers)

GRML Web Browsers Blog
Joe User GRML (web browsers)
Browsers Blog

Bar Graph MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browsers
Headlines MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browsers
Pioneer Report MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browsers
Tree MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browsers
GRML web browsers

CSV and delimited files and web pages are useful when used with GRML. When recording business activity, it is necessary to organize different sets of data. However, the data is best used when organized in a single file. When it is necessary to split out the data and use it in a database or spreadsheet, it is not difficult to save the GRML using CSV or delimited files and web pages.

Unlike CSV and delimited files and web pages, GRML supports reordering of the header items. To change where a column appears in GRML web browsers, simply change the order of the column using the column parent tag. That is it.

Other limitations, of CSV and delimited files and web pages, are the inability to hide columns. In GRML, to hide a column, simply remove it from the column parent tag. When the file is read by GRML web browsers, the column is not displayed. One change to show an entire column or hide an entire column. That is all.

The next versions of GRML are designed to have support for grouping, linking, and also, joining. Instead of having to learn SQL to get its benefits, just arrange column items and special tags to get the same results from GRML files and web pages.

Overhead

2004-12-05T18:37:00.000-08:00

When it comes to using a sleek, clean, and easy to parse format, XML is not the only choice. CSV and delimited formats use such minimal formatting, the file sizes are not much larger than the size of the actual data.

Try this. Take a web server log and save it using XML. Using the smallest tag ids possible, there is still a significant increase in size over the base format (some character-delimited format).

These articles discuss GRML (web browsers).

Introducing GRML (web browsers)

Understanding GRML (web browsers)

Introducing GRML (web browsers)

A new source

2004-12-04T21:10:00.000-08:00

The development of a new blog is complete. It covers GRML and file and web browsers. All types of information is mixed in from articles on the web, production paths and descriptions, CSV and delimited formats, comments, and general thoughts.

This is the new GRML and file and web browsers blog.

The place for GRML

2004-12-02T22:01:00.000-08:00

With HTML and all add-ons avaialble, it is not unreasonable to conclude the web has capacity to handle any type of data. Add to this, XML, and the argument for ceasing the development of another markup language becomes more compelling. However, the nature of technology is to move forward. Considering this, the question becomes, what more is there to do on the web?

The nature of computers in modern business is to store data and make it available for use, such as for analysis, reporting, and communication. HTML satisfies the last function well, namely communication. Analysis and reporting have not really been addressed with the technologies used on the web. Java tried to do this with applets. When was the last time a major website used an applet?

GRML attempts to solve the problem of analysis and reporting on the web without shoehorning something into an HTML web browser.

To see a GRML file and web browser in action, follow a few of the links below:

Download Bar Graph MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Soft Award Tree MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Download Pipe Pioneer Report MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Sharewareville Tree MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
File Guru Pioneer Report MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Soft Hypermarket Pioneer Report MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
File Light Pioneer Report MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
File Light Headlines MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
My Zips! Tree MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Super Downloads! GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browsers
File Boost Tree MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Download Seeker Bar Graph MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers

Brothersoft Bar Graph MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers
Download-by Tree MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers

and for good measure...
Bar Graph MDI GRML, CSV, and delimited browsers

Finding GRML resources

2004-12-01T22:59:00.000-08:00

It is a time consuming affair building a knowledge base for a new file format or markup language. Below are a couple more links for discovering General Reuse Markup Language (GRML).

GRML BlogDrive discusses general information about GRML, its direction, and lessons learned.

GRML Blogs List provides the most recent information on available blogs covering GRML.

Development and definition.

2004-12-01T13:26:00.000-08:00

The next versions of GRML will focus on data handling. The tag structure appears to be as minimal as possible, considering their use in manipulating file and web page data. The only way to minimize the markup language any further is to adopt the delimited format. Either that, or lose features.

As a precursor to the next version upgrade of GRML, it is necessary to provide some basic definitions and descriptions for comparison and development purposes. With GRML 2.1, there have been 3 versions released. Only the 1.0 and 2.0 versions were formally recognized.

This is the location of the current GRML definition and history.

Another source is Introducing GRML (CSV and delimited file and web browsers).

Formats and markup languages.

2004-11-25T18:51:00.000-08:00

A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a computer file.

A markup language is text encoding representing text with details for structure and appearance.

Considering these definitions, GRML is a file format and markup language. However, to a limited degree, this applies to CSV or text delimited formats.

The difference between GRML and CSV/delimited formats is the use of tags. Therefore, a markup language requires the use of tags.

View syntax and definitions, and get GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browser news.

Using CSV and delimited formats.

2004-11-23T17:21:00.000-08:00

Using the comma separated values (CSV) and text delimited formats.

Introduction.

Describing the characteristics of CSV and delimited formats for reading and saving data is the purpose of this article. The formats are introduced and alternatives considered. Rules are provided for use in files or web pages. Lastly, the implications of using CSV and delimited formats over alternatives is covered.

Background.

This article is intended as an aide to understanding CSV and delimited formats. It is recommended to have some experience with applications using flat files, such as databases and spreadsheets.

GRML, or General Reuse Markup Language, is a file format and markup language with the columns and results of CSV and delimited formats and the tags and nesting of XML.

Defining CSV and Delimited formats.

CSV (Comma Separated Values) and delimited formats use characters to define values of data. This character is called a delimiter. A delimited format is defined by the delimiter it uses to separate values. For example, the CSV format uses a comma delimiter. It is a comma delimited format. A file using a TAB delimiter is in TAB delimited format. Unlike other formats, such as HTML, or XML, the delimited formats do not use tags to define values.

Delimited formats are used to exchange data between applications, read data from files, or save data to file. Many databases, spreadsheets, and web browsers read and save files using a delimited format. For example, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft SQL Server read and save files using CSV and delimited formats.

With the emergence of XML, some have considered CSV and delimited formats to be legacy formats. With many new applications choosing to add XML as an option to read and save data, the question has been asked if other formats are necessary. Since the largest software providers (Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle) still continue to support CSV and delimited formats, the question may be irrelevant. In addition, many legacy systems depend on CSV and delimited formats so much, they have become a de facto industry standard.

XML is used in configuration files. These files are not designed to grow in size or to change frequently. They are used to set application, operating system, or user settings. However, as data size increases, so does the overhead of using XML over CSV and delimited formats. Generally, the larger the data and the more frequent the changes, the greater the cost to use XML.

Knowing an alternative to CSV and delimited formats, a context is provided for when and how it is used. With this context, rules need to be provided for use in file and web browsers. While there are many ways to read these formats, the rules compatible for use in GRML file and web browsers are described.

Rules for Use.

When reading or saving CSV and delimited files or web pages, certain rules are followed. Below are explanations of these rules for GRML file and web browsers.

Each record is on one line AND the record separator consists of a line feed (ASCII/LF=0x0A), or a carriage return and line feed pair (ASCII/CRLF=0x0D 0x0A).

100, 1935 Sixth St., London, UK
35, 709 W. 42nd Str., New York, USA
929, 1 Pacific Coast Highway, Los Angeles, USA
120, 59 Avenida Atlantica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Using a comma delimiter, four (4) records are created.
Fields are separated by a character, or delimiter.

John,Doe,120 Any St.,"Anytown - VA",08123,

Using a comma delimiter, there are five (5) values.

John
Doe
120 Any St.
"Anytown - VA"
08123
Leading and trailing space-characters adjacent to delimiters are ignored.

John , Doe ,

Using a comma delimiter, the values are,

John
Doe
There are no embedded delimiters in a record.

In the first example, "Anytown - VA" is one value. If changed to "Anytown, VA", the values are,

"Anytown
VA"

To read as one value, use a delimiter other than a comma.
There are no embedded line-breaks in a record.

Conference room 1, "John,
Please bring the M. Mathers file for review
-J.L.
",10/18/2002

Using a comma delimiter, four records are created. The values of the first record are,

Conference room 1
"John

The value of the second is,

Please bring the M. Mathers file for review

The value of the third is,

-J.L.

The values of the fourth are,

"
10/18/2002
The first record in a delimited file may be a header record containing column (field) names. Delimited formats do not have a mechanism for describing the first record as a header row. However, GRML file and web browsers use the first record for this purpose. This record is encoded like any other record, following the previous rules.

CSV and Delimited formats vs. XML.

GRML file and web browsers do not support XML. Browsers require a specific format of data. XML provides only a generic format of data. While XML is becoming more popular and many consider it a replacement for CSV and delimited formats, there are issues affecting its adoption.

Size and speed.

CSV and delimited formats use less formatting than XML. This results in smaller bandwidth and storage requirements than XML. When size and speed are important, CSV and delimited formats provide an alternative. For environments using high-cost bandwidth where large amounts of data are used, CSV and delimited formats require fewer resources.

Reading and saving.

There are fewer requirements for reading and saving CSV and delimited formats, compared to XML. XML uses nested tags to store data. Each tag has a name (the element) and must be closed. Parsers (read a data format) and writers (save a data format) require checks to enforce these rules. Using only a delimiter, CSV and delimited formats do not need to check tags and nesting. There is no need to find start and end tags. Requirements for reading and saving with CSV and delimited formats are less than XML.

Best-case scenario.

As an alternative to CSV and delimited formats, the absolute theoretical best advantage for XML is one-letter element names for its tags and every field quoted in delimited formats. While a practically unrealistic advantage, the overhead of XML is still slightly greater than 2 times the size of CSV or delimited formats. Typically, this is much greater. In practical terms, expect XML to be 9 to 90 times the size of CSV or delimited formats.

This is a direct comparison and considers transfers of regular tables (all rows of a column are the same type). The only circumstance where XML is comparable to CSV and delimited formats is when data is very sparse and using minimal element names. In this case, XML makes up much of the overhead a delimited format uses in delimiters. However, there is still a meaningful difference in overhead between XML and the delimited formats.

Conclusion.

The CSV and delimited formats described are compatible with many applications. Whether using Microsoft Excel or a GRML file and web browser, the rules for creating a CSV or delimited file apply equally. Take a database and save it using CSV and open it with a GRML browser. The data appears the same.

The advantage of CSV and delimited formats over XML was discussed. While XML is becoming more popular, CSV and delimited formats offer advantages in file size, parsing, and saving. While XML uses tags and nesting, CSV and delimited formats use a delimiter.

Having covered the rules for using CSV and delimited formats, use it to read and save data using different applications, including GRML file and web browsers.

Using GRML

2004-10-26T10:34:00.000-07:00

Creating files and web pages using GRML.

Introduction

This article explains the tags, syntax, and format of GRML 2.0 (General Reuse Markup Language), a data defintion markup language. This contrasts HTML, PDF, or other display-oriented formats or markup languages. GRML is similar to the CSV format or XML, because it focuses on content structure, rather than content display.

Web browsing is possible with GRML because it uses ASCII text, the same as HTML. Just as there are web browsers for HTML, the same is true for GRML. Both use web servers, text, images, and hyperlinks. They both use static and dynamic web pages. Both support ASP, .NET, CGI, PHP, or JSP. They both use the web, but in different ways.

Background.

Before using GRML, it is important to know how it differs from other formats and markup languages. Introducing GRML describes the circumstances for creating the markup langauge and covers its strengths and weaknesses. It is recommended to read it first.

To understand its history, read Understanding GRML. It describes the path taken to arrive at GRML 2.0. It sets the timeframe and requirements for developing the latest version of the markup language.

Getting Started.

First, it is important to understand what GRML is and what it is not.

GRML is not for:

unstructured data (e.g., articles, stories, letters);

GRML is for:

structured data (e.g. databases, spreadsheets, or character-delimited files);
web data (e.g. search engines, news headlines, auction listings, etc.);
dimensional data (e.g. forecasting, modeling, time series, etc.);
links (files);
hyperlinks (web pages); and,
images.

Knowing the type of content GRML handles, the next step is to examine the tags used to create input controls, columns, and results.

Tag types.

GRML uses form tags and view tags. The form tags create the input controls in a viewer (viewers display content from GRML files or web pages). The view tags create columns and results.

Every tag supports a name. For form tags, the name is used to associate a value to the input control when sending a request. When it is a view tag, the name is used to create a dimension (i.e. group) of columns and results. While a name is required for form tags, it is optional for view tags.

When GRML reads a line, the tag is read first. All tags use a parent-child relationship to specify values. The parent tag defines the type of tag, whether input control, column or result. Each child tag sets the attributes. Parent tags have closing tags and may use a name. Child tags do not have closing tags and do not use a name.

All tags reside on one line. Once the end of the line is reached, the next tag is read. Once a parent tag is read, everything else on that line is ignored. Child tags are read using an <attribute>value pair. Once the carriage-return or line-feed is reached, the attribute value is set and the next tag is read.

Form tags.

The following shows parent-child form tags.

<edit url1>
<title>Enter URL:
<text>http://127.0.0.1
</edit>

The above GRML creates an edit input control with a name of url1. It has a title of Enter URL: and it displays http://127.0.0.1 in its input area. The parent tag is <edit url1> and the child tags are <title> and <text>.

There are other input controls using form tags, such as combo boxes, list boxes, calendar controls, spin controls, or radio buttons. They all follow the same pattern.

The following creates a submit input control.

<GRML>
<edit url1>
<title>Enter URL:
<text>http://127.0.0.1
</edit>

<submit>
<location>GRMLBrowser.com/webpages/rss.asp
<text>Submit
</submit>
</GRML>

A form tag is used to add a submit button input control. Without it, there is no way to send a form request. Submit has a location attribute, which determines where the form values are sent. In this case, the request is sent to GRMLBrowser.com/webpages/rss.asp. Notice, there are no end tags for any of the <attribute>value pairs.

These are some form tags supported by Pioneer Report MDI.

<edit name> Parent
<text> (sets the input value)
<title> (sets the label)
</edit>

<combo name1> Parent
<item> (sets item value)
<title> (sets the label)
</combo>

<submit>
<location> (sets the form destination)
<text> (sets the button text)
<title> (sets the label)
</submit>

<dimension>
<name> (not covered in this article)
</dimension>

These tags and <attribute>value pairs are form tags. The next step is to create columns and results, with view tags.

View tags.

There are two types of view parent tags, column and result. Each supports a name, when using dimensions. Since dimensions are not covered here, only tags without a name are discussed.

When creating columns in GRML, a column order is defined. The column order is the order of <attribute>value pairs using the column parent tag. It is called a column order because a viewer displays each column in descending order as it appears in the column parent tag.

<GRML>
<column>
<MyFirstColumn>
<Another column>
</column>
</GRML>

Two columns are created using view tags. The first column is MyFirstColumn. The second is Another column. No results are shown because none have been added. To add results, using the column order above, the result parent tag is used.

<GRML>
<column>
<MyFirstColumn>
<Another column>
</column>

<result>

<MyFirstColumn>Hello, world.
<Another column>This works!

</result>
</GRML>

A result has been added, containing two result items, using view tags. MyFirstColumn has the value Hello, world.. Another column has the value This works!.

With an understanding of the different tags used in GRML, it is now possible to understand what is happening in a GRML file or web page. The next section presents more ways to create input controls, columns, and results using form and view tags.

Examples.

There is more than one way to organize tags to create input controls, columns, and results. This allows a file or web page to organize its content in many different ways. The following two sections demonstrate these alternatives.

View tag examples.

View tags create columns and results.

Columns.

Use the column tag to set the column order of results. Below are two examples.

Example 1.

<column>
<Date Posted>
<Job Title>
<Job Location>
<Company>
<Search>
<DateTime>
<Link>
</column>

Example 2.

<column>
<Date Posted>
<Job Title>
<Job Location>
<Company>
<Search>
</column>

<column>
<DateTime>
<Link>
</column>

Example 1 has all attributes using one column parent tag. Example 2 splits the attributes in two, each using a column parent tag. Both examples create the same column order.

Results.

Having created columns, the next step is to add results. This requires the result parent tag. Below are two examples for adding results to the above column order.

Example 1.

<result>
<Date Posted>Jul 28
<Job Title>Sr. Java Software Engineer
<Job Location>US-CA-La Jolla
<Company>Company A
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1

<Date Posted>Jul 20
<Job Title>Web Development Analyst
<Job Location>US-WI-La Crosse
<Company>Company B
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1

<Date Posted>Aug 2
<Job Title>Software Group Manager
<Job Location>US-CA-La Mirada
<Company>Company C
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>

Example 2.

<result>
<Date Posted>Jul 28
<Job Title>Sr. Java Software Engineer
<Job Location>US-CA-La Jolla
<Company>Company A
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>

<result>
<Date Posted>Jul 20
<Job Title>Web Development Analyst
<Job Location>US-WI-La Crosse
<Company>Company B
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>

<result>
<Date Posted>Aug 2
<Job Title>Software Group Manager
<Job Location>US-CA-La Mirada
<Company>Company C
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>

Example 1 has all results using one result parent tag. Example 2 splits the attributes using multiple result parent tags. Both examples create the same results.

Putting it all together.

When a column parent tag is read, the child tags create the column order. This determines the order of display of columns. When a result parent tag is read, the child tags are added if the attribute exists in the column order.

Each item is added as it is encountered. The top column in the column order displays first. The bottom displays last. This is true for results. The top result with an attribute in the column order displays first. The bottom result with an attribute in the column order displays last.

Below are the combined form and view tags for the two examples.

Example 1.

<grml>
<edit search1>
<Title>Request:
</edit>

<Combo Default>
<Title>Default location
<monster>monster
</combo>

<submit>
<location>GRMLBrowser.com/jobs.asp
</submit>

<column>
<Date Posted>
<Job Title>
<Job Location>
<Company>
<Search>
<DateTime>
<Link>
</column>

<result>
<Date Posted>Jul 28
<Job Title>Sr. Java Software Engineer
<Job Location>US-CA-La Jolla
<Company>Company A
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1

<Date Posted>Jul 20
<Job Title>Web Development Analyst
<Job Location>US-WI-La Crosse
<Company>Company B
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1

<Date Posted>Aug 2
<Job Title>Software Group Manager
<Job Location>US-CA-La Mirada
<Company>Company C
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>
</grml>

Example 2.

<grml>
<edit search1>
<Title>Request:
</edit>

<Combo Default>
<Title>Default location
</combo>

<Combo Default>
<monster>monster
</combo>

<submit>
<location>GRMLBrowser.com/jobs.asp
</submit>

<column>
<Date Posted>
<Job Title>
<Job Location>
<Company>
<Search>
</column>

<column>
<DateTime>
<Link Location>
</column>

<result>
<Date Posted>Jul 28
<Job Title>Sr. Java Software Engineer
<Job Location>US-CA-La Jolla
<Company>Company A
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>

<result>
<Date Posted>Jul 20
<Job Title>Web Development Analyst
<Job Location>US-WI-La Crosse
<Company>Company B
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>

<result>
<Date Posted>Aug 2
<Job Title>Software Group Manager
<Job Location>US-CA-La Mirada
<Company>Company C
<Search>Java LA
<DateTime>Today
<link>http://127.0.0.1
</result>
</grml>

The above examples demonstrate the different ways to organize GRML to create the same input controls, columns, and results.

Scope of use.

Some GRML viewers do not display columns. It may only display images, or links, or partial text. For example, Pioneer Report MDI uses its thumbnail view to display an image and a result item appearing first in the column order. However, all GRML files or web pages require columns, if results are displayed.

Now that it has been shown how GRML uses input controls, columns, and results, it is possible to use the above example to create just about any type of GRML file or web page. There are form tags for handling user input and sending requests. There are view tags to display file or web page columns and results.

The only limitation of the above GRML is it does not demonstrate dimension tags. It is a topic discussed in another article. To respond to a request submitted using input controls, server-side processing is required. A server-side scripting, or programming language, such as ASP, JSP, CGI, .NET or PHP is needed. These techniques are discussed in another article.

Conclusion.

Well, that is it. It was shown that all GRML files and web pages consist of two types of tags. One is the form tag, for creating input controls. The other is the view tag for creating columns and results. There are parent tags to create input controls, a column, or a result. And, there are child tags to set the attributes of the parent tags. Only parent tags have end tags, while child tags do not.

Knowing the different tags in a GRML file or web page provides the basis for learning other aspects of the markup language. Once familiar with the different tags, the next step is to learn how to use server-side processing with form requests and how to use the dimension tag.

To get all the information available for GRML on the web, visit GRML, CSV, and delimited file and web browsers with product descriptions.

Examining GRML

2004-10-17T08:57:00.000-07:00

Different uses of GRML.

Introduction.

There are many different uses for General Reuse Markup Language, or GRML. There are file and web browsers to load and download GRML files and web pages. There are reporting and analysis tools to create graphs, statistics, or charts from GRML. There are productivity tools to use database and spreadsheet data in GRML. They are all different uses. This article describes the five (5) different uses of GRML.

Background.

Before reading this article, it is recommended to have an understanding of GRML and its development. To get started, read Introducing GRML. This article explains the reasons for its existence and how it compares to existing formats and markup languages. Next, read Understanding GRML. It provides a history of the markup language and describes how it has developed into its current format.

After reading these articles, download a GRML web browser, such as Bar Graph MDI or Tree MDI. They show how GRML is used and what it does. These web browsers demonstrate a number of uses for GRML. These uses are described below.

GRML Uses.

There are five (5) different uses of GRML. It is used for reading, writing, viewing, adapting, and editing. These uses allow GRML to open, display, change, save, or print content using files, web pages, databases, spreadsheets, or other data sources. The acronym for these uses is WAVER. It refers to the first letter of each of the five (5) uses of GRML.

GRML web browsers are described using WAVER in their product descriptions. For example, the Bar Graph MDI product description only mentions requiring a reader, while Tree MDI requires every use of GRML. Each use is described below.

Reader.

Readers read and parse GRML.

Writer.

Writers save using GRML.

Adapter.

There are two uses of an adapter.

read GRML and write (save) in another format.
read another format and write (save) in GRML.

Viewer.

Viewers display GRML after reading.

Editor.

Editors use a viewer to display GRML for editing, and a writer to save it.

Web browser uses.

Web browsers use a reader to download and read web pages. Some use an adapter, viewer, editor, or writer. But, they are not required by a web browser. At a minimum, a web browser uses a reader.

Bar Graph MDI only uses a reader. It is an example of a web browser that does not use GRML in any other way. It does not adapt, display, edit, nor write GRML. Instead, it displays graphs of GRML from its reader. On the other hand, Tree MDI reads and displays GRML using a tree control. The tree control is the viewer of the Tree MDI web browser.

Tree MDI uses a reader, viewer, and writer. The writer reads GRML and writes (saves) GRML. A writer allows content in the viewer to be saved to a disk, hard drive, or web server. It does not matter whether the content in the viewer has been changed. Changing, or editing, content is another use.

When Tree MDI displays content, it allows it to be edited. Therefore, Tree MDI uses an editor. An editor requires a viewer and therefore a reader. However, without a writer, there is no way to save edited content. Since Tree MDI has a writer, it allows GRML content to be changed and saved. To save in another format is another use.

An adapter saves GRML in other formats. Or, it saves other formats using GRML. It requires a reader and a writer. Tree MDI has a reader and writes (saves) using GRML, CSV or character-delimited formats. For example, it is possible to use the Tree MDI web browser to read GRML, edit the content, and write (save) using the CSV or character-delimited format.

Conclusion.

There are five different ways to use GRML. There are writers, adapters, viewers, editors, and readers. To make it easier to remember, just use WAVER.

WAVER provides GRML web browsers different uses of GRML files and web pages. It also makes it possible to use other formats, such as CSV or character-delimited. With an explanation of how GRML is used by the web browser, it provides a basis for knowing what to use to accomplish a specific task using GRML.

Understanding GRML.

2004-10-13T15:32:00.000-07:00

The development of a markup language.

Introduction

HTML is the primary markup language used on the web. After its first release, it lacked many of the features taken for granted today on the web. It took many years for HTML to become what it is. In fact, almost four years passed between the first attempts at a markup language and HTML 2.0. In the years since 1995, HTML has continued changing. This demonstrates the commitment necessary to develop a markup language.

Before the development of HTML began, it needed software to test its features. The software developed was the precursor to the first HTML web browser. There is no way to test a markup language without having the software first. This demonstrates the requirements for developing a markup language. The software drives its development.

The purpose of this article is to show how General Reuse Markup Language, or GRML, developed into its current format. Examples are given to show the differences between GRML 1.0 and GRML 2.0. The attributes of each markup language are described along with how they are used on the web.

Background

This is one in a series of articles on GRML. Before continuing, read the article, Introducing GRML. It provides an overview of existing file formats and markup languages, and explains why GRML was created.

If you are not interested in markup languages, potential alternative approaches, or web browser technology, this is not the article for you. This discussion is not suitable for anyone who feels HTML is the only way to browse the web.

The Beginning.

The process of creating GRML was indirect. It began with a desire to create a front-end to extract content from web pages. The idea was to submit a web page request and retrieve the content in a format usable by a variety of applications. HTML displays content in one way, so it is not used by a variety of applications. Since the target web pages used HTML, the retrieved content needed to be available using another format.

The only solution to extracting content from a HTML web page is to use an adapter. Adapters read data in one format and write them in another. This was the perfect solution, except for one thing. HTML web pages are described differently for every web page requested. There is no way to extract author information, or article text, or product descriptions without creating an adapter for each web page. There had to be a better way.

Building a web front-end.

While trying to find a practical way to extract content from web pages, a front-end was being developed to display the content. A single adapter was developed to format HTML from a single web page into an informal format used by the front-end. This informal format was the initial step toward creating a markup language.

From June, 2002 until August, 2002, the front-end used an adapter to convert HTML web pages to text, for display. There was no format, other than reading single lines of text from the adapter. As development continued, more adapters were added, until 6 were available. Web page requests sent from the front-end had to use one of these 6 adapters. There was no feature for users to directly enter a web page request.

The first attempt.

As the front-end was developed, a form was needed for sending requests using input controls. This required a formal approach for handling requests to and responses from a web page. Using arbitrary lines of text was inefficient. This was the beginning of Personal Markup Language.

The new markup language had form support and provided a structure for formatting web page content. However, the form was limited. At first, the front-end created a form from the first web page request. There was no way to display another form. To allow the markup language to create a form for each web page request, the front-end was updated.

Upgrading the format.

With form support, the front-end now sent web page requests from input controls and created a form from web page responses, when necessary. The only feature missing was a way to organize web page content into groups, and display each group of content separately in the front-end. This required a new markup language. It was the beginning of the Simple Markup Language.

When the front-end displays content from a web page, it is called a dimension. Splitting content into different groups creates a dimension for each group. The front-end needed to display different dimensions of content for forecasting, logistics, and data analysis. Once the front-end added this, the markup language supported multidimensional views.

As the markup language was being developed, there was one constant. The front-end did not allow the user to directly enter a web page request. A user had to choose from the 6 web page requests used by the front-end. Or, submit a request using the form input controls of a web page.

Once direct web page requests were added, it was possible to "browse" web pages. The front-end became a web browser. Using a web browser required the markup language to be completely redesigned. This new markup langauge was the first version of GRML.

GRML 1.0.

Completed January 2003, GRML supported form input controls, columns, and results. There was multidimensional support and it used the concept of "web applications". Each represented an activity that a user performs on the web. The first GRML web browser had "web applications" for using a search engine, getting news headlines, viewing auction listings, and doing a job search.

"Web applications" were a holdover from the days of the front-end, when directly submitting a web page request or opening a file were not supported. While the web browser allowed web page requests, they had to be from a "web application" or a form if the request was to be sent.

The reason for "web applications" is to use content from HTML web pages in GRML web browsers. Since HTML web pages are abundant and GRML is new, it is advantageous to have the ability to adapt HTML to GRML.

An example of "web applications" in GRML 1.0 is below.

<GRML>
<a class=navi_13 name=AUCT type=title>Auctions</>
<a class=navi_13 name=JOBS type=title>Job Search</>
<a class=navi_13 name=SRCH type=title>Search Engine</>
<a class=navi_13 name=AUCT type=location>127.0.0.1/auc.asp?search2=</>
<a class=navi_13 name=JOBS type=location>127.0.0.1/jobs.asp?search2=</>
<a class=navi_13 name=SRCH type=location>127.0.0.1/parse.asp?search2=</>

<a class=hist_13 type=item>127.0.0.1/startup.asp</>
<a class=hist_13 type=item>127.0.0.1/over.asp</>
</GRML>

GRML was designed to be used by many different browsers. It was not possible to test this capability since only one GRML web browser existed. As other browsers were created and the markup language developed, GRML moved to version 1.1 in the first 4 months of 2003.

The next major upgrade to GRML occurred when resolving the problem of "web applications."

GRML 1.2.

One limitation of the "web application" approach was the need for a separate adapter for each HTML web page. Since there are billions of HTML web pages, it was impractical to create a "web application" for each one. Another problem was keeping the "web application" updated if a web page changed. If supporting a multitude of web pages is difficult, trying to keep them updated was practically impossible. GRML needed modification.

During March, 2004, everything related to "web applications" was removed from GRML. This allowed the markup language to focus on form input controls, columns, and results. With the "web applications" removed, it was now possible to read any HTML web page using more generic and consistent web adapters.

An example of GRML 1.2 follows.

<GRML>
<a class=edit_13 name=url1 type=title>Enter URL:</>
<a class=edit_13 name=url1 type=location>http://127.0.0.1/links.asp</>

<a class=column_13 type=item>Title</>
<a class=column_13 type=item>Result</>

<a control=result_13 type=item>RIAA, MPAA Ask High Court To Review
<a control=result_13 type=item>It's official: Hollywood studios and record companies on Friday asked the United States Supreme Court to overturn a controversial series of recent court decisions that have kept file-swapping software legal."</>

<a control=result_13 type=link>http://127.0.0.1/article.pl?sid=04/10/11/1846208</>
</GRML>

GRML 1.2 was the last of the 1.x releases of GRML. During the next six months of use, it set the stage for another change in the syntax of the markup language.

GRML 2.0.

The inital versions of GRML worked well on the web and the local filesystem. It allowed the development of many different web browsers that use its form and column/result approach. Other than removing "web applications", the syntax for GRML did not change much from the 1.0 to 1.2 versions. Issues of speed, control, and reliability were not considered. However, this changed with GRML 2.0.

This version of GRML was designed to create small file sizes, handle file and web page content using fewer browser resources, and allow more options for arranging file and web page content. The old syntax was completely abandoned in favor of smaller tags and more specific tag keywords. The sample GRML from version 1.2 looks as follows in 2.0.

<GRML>
<edit url1>
<location>Enter URL:
<title>http://127.0.0.1/links.asp
</edit>

<column>
<Title>
<Description>
<Link>
</column>

<result>
<Title>RIAA, MPAA Ask High Court To Review

<Description>The Hobo writes "It's official: Hollywood studios and record companies on Friday asked the United States Supreme Court to overturn a controversial series of recent court decisions that have kept file-swapping software legal."

<link>http://127.0.0.1/article.pl?sid=04/10/11/1846208
</result>
</GRML>

Using the GRML 2.0 syntax, tags drop to a fraction of their size from version 1.2. In addition, there are no problems with handling very large text strings (greater than 1024 characters). In version 1.2, the content sometimes was ignored because of its size. This often disrupted the display of all remaining content in the file or web page. This problem was solved in version 2.0, because each result item specifies a column.

It is possible to organize columns and results using version 2.0 that is not possible with version 1.2. Results are ordered according to the column display order. This is set by listing the top column as first, and all subsequent columns in order until the bottom column is last. If there are 5 columns, and the 3rd should be displayed first, place it at the top of the column order.

A result item only displays if the column it specifies appears in the column order. If it is necessary to display only one column of results, only that column exists in the column order. Or, specify any number of columns and only those results are displayed. This was not possible with previous versions of GRML.

Conclusion.

GRML has moved through many versions since its first release, January 2003. It has moved from a "web application" markup language to a web page markup language. With version 2.0, it has the smallest, fastest, and most flexible syntax of any version released.

With its support for form input controls, columns, and results, GRML is able to support many web browsers by organizing its content for use regardless of how the content is displayed.

Learn more about GRML and GRML web browsers.

Building GRML web browsers

2004-10-06T13:40:00.000-07:00

Over the past month, 3 GRML web browsers were released. Each supports CSV or character-delimited formats.

October 4, 2004 - Headlines MDI GRML web browser description.

September 29, 2004 - Bar Graph MDI GRML web browser description.

September 20, 2004 - Tree MDI GRML web browser description.

A bug was found in Bar Graph MDI. It was fixed on October 5. I also kept calling it Bar Chart MDI. So, a number of download sites have the wrong name.

Introducing GRML

2004-08-22T10:38:00.000-07:00

Creating a new markup language.

Introduction.
General Reuse Markup Langauge, or GRML, is a markup language for web browsers. It has the data definition features of character-delimited files and XML, with the hyperlinking and form support of HTML.

The purpose of this article is to show why GRML exists and how it complements HTML, XML, RSS, and character-delimited formats.

Background.
GRML is not the result of a specific plan. It was developed as a solution to another problem, namely reusing data from a web service. It began with the development of a web front-end to request content from a few web services. A data format was needed to handle responses. Having data in some arbitrary format was too limiting. Something formal was needed.

HTML and XML were considered, but they did not quite fit the front-end being developed. There needed to be another choice, one with...

support for multiple views (the front-end used a List control that has 4);
a way to define multiple sets of data for multidimensional views;
content that translates to/from other formats; and
a distinction between the display of the form and view.

Since there was no format that met all the requirements, the front-end was going to need something new. Using the front-end, it was possible to develop a format and test it for these requirements. In other words, the front-end existed before the markup language!

The format that resulted was GRML. It was designed to use forms and views, supports multiple and multidimensional views, works with existing web servers, and adapts to other formats. Once the markup language was finished, the web front-end became a web browser.

Now that the objective for GRML has been explained, the next step is to understand, in detail, why existing formats were not chosen.

Understanding Markup Languages.
Before going through the process of understanding why GRML is necessary, the existing formats need to be introduced and their design goals identified. The formats are considered from a data handling perspective, so no discussion of games, movies, music, advertising, and entertainment are mentioned.

For the purposes of creating a markup language, the two major features for browsing web pages are the form and view. A form contains any input control for user requests. A view displays content, or data from the web page without the markup tags or formatting elements.

Given the requirement of the form and view, it is possible to compare each format.

HTML is the most prevalent format on the web. It is designed for data display. There is form and view support.

XML is a minor format on the web. It is designed for data definition. It lacks form and view support.

RSS is a minor format on the web. It is designed for data definition. It lacks form support but has a view.

CSV or character-delimited formats are rarely used on the web. It is designed for data definition. It lacks form support but has a view.

Now that each format has been introduced, it is possible to understand the place for GRML on the web.

Let's begin with...

HTML.
There is really only one markup language in widespread use on the web (in other words, 99% of all web pages use this language), and that is HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. HTML describes how data is displayed. It tells the web browser how the web page looks in the web browser view. With HTML, all content is displayed in the view, including forms, text, and images. HTML decides how to display the web page.

Web page content, using HTML, is defined only for images and hyperlinks. Text content is not defined, making it incompatible to use in other formats. Therefore, adapting HTML content to other formats is the most limited of all formats considered.

The single view approach of HTML prevents dynamically switching the content in the view. There is no way to present related sets of HTML content (e.g. 2 different pages from a message board, or 4 different pages of news headlines, or 8 different pages of auction results, etc.) in the view without loading different pages and navigating between them. Hence, HTML does not support multidimensional views.

Because HTML decides the web page display, it prevents multiple views of content. HTML does not support multidimensional views and is not easy to adapt to other formats. Also, it combines the form and view in one display. For these reasons, it proved to be an inadequate choice.

Next is...

XML.
XML, or eXtensible Markup Language, is designed for adaptability. Databases, spreadsheets, CSV, or character-delimited files are all potentially able to format their data using XML. It defines what data is, rather than how it is displayed. This makes XML adaptable to other file formats.

There is no one XML document format. It is a standard for defining how to structure data. This lack of a specific data format prevents XML from defining any view of its content. It also does not define input controls for use in a form.

A lack of view support in XML prevents multiple AND multidimensional views. Without form support, a user is not able to send requests. While XML is adaptable to other formats, it is not an adequate choice.

So far, HTML and XML have proven insufficient. The next to consider is...

RSS.
RSS, or Really Simple Syndication, is a specific data format of a XML data structure. Therefore, RSS is able to support a view of its data. Also, since it is based on XML, it defines its data rather than how it is displayed. View support with data definition means that RSS supports multiple views of its content.

As an XML format, RSS lacks any form support. Input controls do not exist using XML, hence are missing from RSS. For this reason, it is not sufficient.

Only one format remains, and it is...

CSV or character-delimited.
CSV (comma separated values) or character-delimited formats are used by databases, spreadsheets, and many other data-oriented applications to store information to file. It is a format that is adaptable to other formats because it does not use any display tags. The format consists almost entirely of content, except for the character used for the delimiter.

This format has a view because it is almost entirely content and lacks markup tags. Its focus on content means that it is the most reusable of any format considered. No display tags are used, so it supports multiple views.

The lack of data definition tags means there is no way to distinguish between sets of data. Hence, CSV or character-delimited files do not support multidimensional views. In addition, it is not possible to define input controls for a form. This means no form support.

Therefore, this format is an insufficient choice. This is why it was necessary to create...

GRML.
GRML defines the form and view separately. Input controls for a form are defined separately from content used in the view. Also, content is defined explicitly in GRML, with text defined separately from hyperlinks and images. Display tags do not exist in GRML. The web browser decides how to display the web page. This means support for multiple views.

Using data definition tags allows GRML to be adaptable to other formats (HTML, XML, RSS, CSV or character-delimited). It also enables different sets of content to be named, which means support for multidimensional views.

Conclusion.
After considering all the available formats for a markup language, each lacked at least one of the listed requirements. None met the design goals of the web front-end. Therefore, it was necessary to create a new format, GRML.

Quick Reference.
HTML is used with multi-form, single-view, one dimensional, display-oriented web browsers.

GRML is used with single-form, multi-view, multidimensional, data-oriented web browsers.

RSS is used with no form, single-view, one dimensional, data-oriented web browsers.

About the Author
Developing with MFC for a couple of years now. Working at getting my new web browsers just right.

Take a look at GRMLBrowser.com. Or, view the GRML web browser web log.

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possible changes

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CSV and delimited formats.

GRML plans

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Overhead

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The place for GRML

Finding GRML resources

Development and definition.

Formats and markup languages.

Other links...

Using CSV and delimited formats.

Introduction.

Background.

Defining CSV and Delimited formats.

Rules for Use.

CSV and Delimited formats vs. XML.